tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51842831798334924282024-03-22T02:23:37.293-04:00Beaten PathsThis blog is about how, why and where to find old paths, trails, and roads in Virginia and the Carolinas. The short version is that one finds these old traces so as to identify archaeologically sensitive ground. You may be surprised to learn just how much remains of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Through this blog we hope to engage your imagination and perhaps even your hands in the largest recovery project ever attempted in North America.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-89824141121712010312021-11-15T11:21:00.001-05:002021-11-15T11:21:11.619-05:00The Barnwell-Hammerton Map<p> The Barnwell-Hammerton Map, c 1715, showing three routes taken to recruit native levies for the Tuscarora War by two Moore's from Turkey Creek and Cape Fear, and "Tuscarora Jack" Barnwell.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqlOX2xq44Tg06IUXvWtjkp1MmLXI0DBy_0gxqHxcHH0utPPP8pnDg1dJpBQtuY0nxnHhbdal650xmyh54RvJnHXQueihDegZpBnKISjdmvAb7adCIsY8Z-iZ-b6xzaKYewZti5KAlSQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1321" data-original-width="2048" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqlOX2xq44Tg06IUXvWtjkp1MmLXI0DBy_0gxqHxcHH0utPPP8pnDg1dJpBQtuY0nxnHhbdal650xmyh54RvJnHXQueihDegZpBnKISjdmvAb7adCIsY8Z-iZ-b6xzaKYewZti5KAlSQ/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-85341224301068026792021-10-26T06:59:00.001-04:002021-10-26T06:59:26.006-04:00Ancient Food Preservation Methos<p><a href="https://www.livescience.com/ancient-food-storage" target="_blank"> Bog butter,</a> butter than nothing, soggy mammoth, challenging but tasty with seasoning.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-76650548335184461062021-10-24T17:44:00.005-04:002021-10-27T17:24:36.460-04:00Squatters in Orange County in the 17th and 18th Centuries<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Squatters in Orange County in the 17th and 18th Centuries</h2>
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In the 1740s there were two very hot properties in what would, in the 1750s, become Orange County, North Carolina. Those were <i>the Haw Fields</i> and <i>the Forks of the Eno. </i>They were attractive for different reasons; the Haw Fields for fecundity, and the Forks for transportation accessibility........probably. We'll deal with the Haw old fields another time. This note is about the forks of the Eno.<br />
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We are only beginning to get a vague image of European settlement in what would become Orange County, NC. Until recently "settlement" was presumed to have begun with deed recording in Orange's parent counties; normally thought of as Johnston, Bladen, and Granville Counties. We know, though, that folks were making "tomahawk" claims on land in Carolina long before law came to town. We just don't know how many folks were in the area or where they were. They were, though, in the area, probably in increasing numbers from the mid-17th century onward. Some were escaped indentured servants as well as escaped slave and, after Bacon's Rebellion (1676), traders moved into the back country too. In the first decade of the 18th century they were joined by farmers, probably Quakers from the Albemarle settlements who move away from Anglican government during and after Cary's Rebellion.<br />
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The Quakers would have been welcomed by natives and newcomers alike as they came down Thigpen's Trace, a military road pioneered between 1702 and 1704, with all their possessions. They had built an excellent reputation with Native Americans, including the Occaneechi who lived in the Piedmont and according to Occaneechi lore Quakers became the patrons and protectors of the remainder of a tribe decimated by war, slaving raids, and disease. Traders would have been delighted to have a new market for trade goods brought down from Virginia.<br />
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It is just that we don't know who they were or where they were for sure. There are, though, sufficient clues to surmise they were here.<br />
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English land law in colonial times recognized quite a few "interests" in land that didn't get transferred completely to American common law Among these were limited but legal rights to possess "waste land", land owned by another but, for one reason or another, unused. A person could squat on that land and make it productive and in the process establish rights in the land. These rights were severely limited but were rights non-the-less. For example, removing such folk required legal processes and frequently entailed compensation for improvements expropriated by an evicting land owner (cf <i>Cotters and Squatters: Housing’s Hidden History., 2002).</i><div><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="text-align: center;">In a slightly different mode, skilled tradesmen were often given free, unrecorded use of land so as to hold them available for the landowner's use as needed. Manual agriculture is seasonal and requires large numbers of laborers in planting and harvest season. The rest of the year this labor was of little or no use to land owners, but having craft-people at hand had great value. Unrecorded in public records, this type of land tenure was probably a common feature of colonial Carolina, especially in the Piedmont districts. </span><i><br /></i>
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It seems there were quite a number of these unenumerated, non-property owning, yet not undesirable people in North Carolina. For example, a study by Larry Babits (East Carolina university), "Military Records and Historical Archaeology," Chapter 10, revealed that 60% of property owners in NC who had property confiscated by Cornwalli' troops (1781) appear in no other public records; not militia, not juries, not road crews, nowhere. Yet these unrecorded people had property worth confiscating. This is fairly strong evidence of the existence of a class of landless squatters who were not paupers but rather fit the description of what were known in some parts of England as "cotters."<br />
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So, though Babits demonstrated that our understanding of colonial demographics is at best questionable, we have a suggestion that sixty percent of that demographic was unrecorded. Where they were remains unanswered. It may, though be extrapolated from eviction actions in the Haw Fields between 1750 and 1790. One group of significant size and importance were the founder of New Hope Presbyterian Church in Orange County as many of them appear to have been evictees from the Haw Fields. There were also a number of land grants made in the Haw Fields in the period in question that included barns and houses, fences and crops. These land grants may provide a map of shift from Quaker/Presbyterian dominance in the county to Anglican dominance after the Battle of Alamance (1771).<br />
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Hillsborough, when it was founded, was surrounded by Quakers. Arthur Dobbs, scion of a Cromwellian Irish landlord, became North Carolina's Governor in 1752. Immediately upon entering into his new office he created thirty-three Anglican vestries in a colony that had only six Anglican ministers. Mapping those vestries will probably provide a good map of Quaker and Baptist settlements.<br />
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This I call "the Irish Solution" as Cromwell used the same method to disempower and subdue Irish Ireland. Vestries are the governing body of an Anglican Parish and the beneficiaries of tithes paid by residents of the vestry's lands no matter what their religious convictions. To be a vestryman, one had to swear fealty to the Anglican church, something no good Catholic or member of the Church of Ireland could do. Thus in very short order Ireland acquired an Anglican government.<br />
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The Cromwellian Solution consisted of locating Anglican parishes in Catholic market towns. Those parishes quickly attracted placement, under-employed but ambitious men able to swear an oath to the crown and its church. Because they controlled the vestry, they controlled the law and quickly imposed "test oaths" on public servants. These oaths were anathema to Quakers as they had been to members of the Church of Ireland and had the immediate effect of precluding their serving in government and the courts.<br />
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As noted, Hillsborough was located in Quaker dominated country, and the Quakers were well established in both their dominance and their freedom. Some of them may have arrived in what became the county in the first decade of the 18th century. Dobbs challenge was to bring them to heel and begin collecting both quidrents for the use of land and tithes for the Anglican parishes. Needless to say this led to considerable friction. Ultimately it produced the War of the Regulation.<br />
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That war was a muddled affair involving religious contests as well as political contests. Economic interests were the only thing that held the Regulators together, a weak reed at best. Regulators were Albemarle Quakers, the earliest Europeans settled in the area, Pennsylvania Quakers who began arriving as a dribble in the 1740s that became a flood in the 1750s, Presbyterians who were early squatters, and Baptists. It appears that, for the most part, Presbyterians stood aside from the Regulation as after the Battle of Culloden (1746) Presbyterians were exempt from paying Anglican tithes.<br />
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Dobbs imposed his Irish Solution in the 1750s, then having governed for ten years without collecting much in the way of quidrents, and being quite old, with a very young wife he decided to return to England but died (1762) abed before he could leave. His subordinate, William Tryon, a professional English soldier and aspiring politician, thoroughly familiar with Dobb's goals and methods, was left to bring the goal to fruition. He did so admirably well.<br />
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Long story short, as the backcountry grew more and more disgruntled under corrupt Anglican government, Anglican Sheriffs, and Anglican Judges and juries the appeals for relief grew more shrill. Good soldier that he was, in 1768 Tryon made a tour of the backcountry, listened to complaints accepted petitions, and dealt with his peasants while one of his aides, a Swiss artillerist drew maps of the strategic towns of the colony.<br />
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He went home and prepared a campaign. He returned with a small army in 1771, challenged the Regulators and did battle with them at the Battle of Alamance. Their, with only their economic interests to hold them together, the Regulators collapsed in defeat. After which, Tryon executed some conspicuous Regulators on the battlefield and then made a retribution, terror tour of the back country trailing Regulator captives in chains and burning Regulator properties all the way to the Yadkin River. Then he returned to Hillsborough, hung a half dozen more Regulators, then left to become Governor of New York.<br />
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In the end, the squatters , it seems, supported the Revolution and all those corrupt placemen who had filled parish management and pilfered crown coffers became patriots and founding fathers and probably continued pilfering the new government's coffers.<br />
<i></i></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-85675733053857139132021-10-24T15:56:00.001-04:002021-10-24T16:04:00.358-04:00Videos of slide shows on early Carolina History, pre-contact through 1754<p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Four Presentations on Early Carolina History</span></b></p><p></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: center;"><i>The Trading Path Association is grateful for the Orange County Hstorical Museum producing these presentations. And for their ongoing support of our work.</i></p></blockquote><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdGAVSWObex06ShByxbe9VQ" target="_blank">First Contact</a>:1624-1700 Tells how indigenous societies traded extensively, had sophisticated diplomacy, contracting methods, and struck up trade with practically every maritime vessel that entered the Sounds. They turned the Sounds into a major replenishment haven for privateers and pirates.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hjd3zDnbMXI&t=66s" target="_blank">First Permanent Settlement</a>: 1650s-1705 Identifies Carolina's first settlers and first permanent settlement, religious refugees sheltering behind the Dismal Swamp from abuses byRoyalist, VA and Catholic MD.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDFpZt846ts" target="_blank">Moving Into the Back Country</a>: 1705-1754 Describes how the first settlers, displaced by Anglicans once again escape into the backcountry, the piedmont zone, and sheltered indigenous folk from slave raiders. Touching on the varieties of Quakers in NC and the importance of their differences.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vT9Kyz7C6s0" target="_blank">The Lasting Impacts of North Carolina's First Settlers</a>: Reviews Carolina and North Carolina history from 1624-1754 and identifies some of the impacts yet visible in North Carolina, the "vale of humility between two mountains of conceit."</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-65829720970251724032021-10-24T12:52:00.001-04:002021-10-24T12:53:47.288-04:00<p><a href="Wonderful dendro geekery proves the European invasion of NA started in precisely 1021: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03972-8" target="_blank"> </a><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><a href="Wonderful dendro geekery proves the European invasion of NA started in precisely 1021: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03972-8" target="_blank">Wonderful dendro geekery</a> proves the European invasion of NA started in precisely 1021:</span></p><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-84529357996739255482020-08-07T15:10:00.000-04:002020-08-07T15:10:55.352-04:00TPA ACCOMPLISHMENTS<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13.999999999999998pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; white-space: pre;">TPA ACCOMPLISHMENTS</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-b0814feb-7fff-c119-6e63-a7ecf1658867"><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8/04/2020</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Trm</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In causa mortis </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">it seems appropriate to assemble a list of the Trading Path Association's accomplishments over the past twenty years. Most of those accomplishments are indirect as planned. Starting in 2000 we raised money solely to pay for transportation costs and we set off on a campaign to goad others to do the smart thing and preserve historical artifacts.] </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><hr style="font-weight: normal;" /><p style="font-weight: normal;"></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">What We Did</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We operated at the county level in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Time and resource availability eventually limited our operation to North Carolina. Our method was to contact and meet with county and city managers to pitch them on heritage tourism as a low cost and high return economic development. Tourists come, spend and leave so there is no requirement for infrastructure and payroll increases; roads, police, and more firemen needed, just signage.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Our successes from north to south include:</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Petersburg, VA: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Long term plan to locate and excavate Abraham Wood's fort site which by vectoring old roads we believe is located under a dirt floored warehouse on the banks of the Appomattox River.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lawrenceville, VA:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> By vectoring old roads we successfully located the likely site of Fort Christiania, a concentration camp for vestigial tribes after Bacon's Rebellion (1676). The Native Americans there threw pots commercially. It was decided that revealing the village site would lead to depredation by looters and therefore we moved on.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We mapped pack horse trails rising up the south bank of Lake Gaston out of Moniseep Ford at the confluence of HawTree Creek and the Roanoke River. We traversed the face of the slope leading down to Lake Gaston, downstream from HawTree Creek, and we stepped into a pack horse trail climbing out of the lake. Using "structure maps" of the lake bottom we were able to see the actual original ford point; Haw Tree was the ramp used to get into the River. Climbing the hill along the packhorse trail we found and mapped a rather unique structure that appeared to be a trough allowing packhorses to grab a drink about halfway up from the river on a long and steep climb. It was roughly twelve feet long and two feet wide (ID) built of stone. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We invested considerable time trying to convince county and state officials in two states to agree to create an interstate park to protect the artifacts we had found, but failed. Before we could get sign-offs from all parties, both the brothers who owned the property died and their heirs asked us not to trespass further.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Patrick County, Va</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Notified of the existence of a ford over Mayo River on a Hariston plantation, a Hariston descendent guided us through the plantation (the house and several outbuildings still exist including a large corncrib which served as a jail for British POWs). The road cut going north toward the river was remarkable for its depth and for the soil embedding it. The soil was a very fine loam with not a rock to be found, and it seems road repair consisted of dragging a log down the hill to push the loam into erosion crevasse. The roadbed was incised at least twenty feet. Going south from the ford the roadbed was easy to follow down to Crooked Creek and then up to a merger where it was overlain by Sandy Ridge Road in </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stokes County, NC</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Warren County, NC:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In conjunction with the Moniseep Ford project we held several public meetings and outdoor events in Warren County with the net effect of stimulating interest in preserving remnants of the old Trading Path/Thigpen's Trace and also the Dan-Roanoke watershed trail that crosses the county. Along this route it is possible to walk all the way from Little Washington on the Roanoke to Eden, NC on the Dan without crossing any water.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Franklin County, NC: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">After leading a hike to a mill seat on Lynch Creek enthusiasts created the Ben Franklin Society (BFS) with the stated purpose of finding and protecting all the mill sites on Lynches Creek. In the process, working with the NC State Archaeologist's office the BFS developed a specialized site reporting form for mill sites that is now in use throughout the state.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Louisburg, Franklin County, NC: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Working with the Town Manager, C.L. Gobble, we interpreted a dugout canoe salvaged from mud at the head of muscle-powered navigation on the Tar River. After staff from the NC Archaeologist's office stabilized the canoe it was put on display at Louisburg College. We also funded and assisted with a private archaeologist in examining the large spring around which Louisburg grew uncovering paths leading to the spring and structures adjacent to it. We lobbied for but failed to raise the funds to create a reproduction of the spring house that once sheltered the spring. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Person County, NC: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We successfully convinced county officials and local history folks to preserve vestiges of the tobacco farming culture, specifically we urged for the preservation of tobacco curing sheds of various types. Additionally, we convinced the owners of "Mount Tirzah," the home of Stephen Moore, a Revolutionary War figure, to grant an easement in perpetuity to the Boy Scouts of America for the upkeep of the associated cemetery where Moore was buried. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Atop Red Mountain we mapped a rhyolite quarry with acres of debitage left from thousands of years of tool making. We also located pack-horse trails from the 17th century on the sides of Red Mountain, on the south flank of Mount Tirzah and 18th century wagon roads both of which forded the two forks of the Flat River and eventually became NC Highway 57, headed for the Eno River crossing at Faucette Mill northwest of Hillsborough. There was a very well preserved section of the wagon road on a parcel where a school was to be built and we failed to get school officials to incorporate it in their landscape plan but for consolation they named the school "Pathways."</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Durham and Durham County, NC:</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> We worked with the Open Space Manager's Office to identify fords on the Little River and found a great many artifacts, including unrecorded graves, horse trails and wagon roads. We mapped artifacts on the Horton Grove plantation. As part of that project we acquired and read a perpetual preservation agreement by which the owner received a large tax break and in it we found some major defects. A land trust stepped in and bought the land outright and has it protected. Of course we mapped the roads and stream crossings in the vicinity of Stagville Plantation Historic Site on both the Flat and Little River. While doing that we found a large section of a causeway crossing a black-water swamp east of the Bennihan house. It was made by laying logs crossways to the planned roadbed and then covering that structure with dirt. The overall height of the causeway was about ten to twelve feet. We also found a perfectly preserved fishdam in the Flat River and both horse ford and wagon ford and wagon bridge abutments associated with the trade route passing through Stagville.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We mapped remaining segments of the wagon road versions of three channels of the trading path to the Catawba. One parallels and lies under modern St Mary's Road, another went from Fish Dam on the Neuse to Cedar Cliffs on the Haw passing through Durham. It passed through Eno Will's villages near the Pickett and Irwin Road intersection. While a third, the Fish Dam Road, connected Fish Dam with the native village sites east of Hillsborough, in the oxbow of the Eno. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Working in Eno River State Park, in Durham County, we mapped several abandoned hamlets, numerous graves and vestiges of wagon roads bound for Virginia. Probably our most spectacular find in the park was the foundation and massive chimney piles that mark the site of James Few's Tavern and, nearby, a high status house midway between his mill and the inn.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orange County, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the home of the Trading Path Association, owing to fuel prices and accessibility, had a large share of attention from the TPA. The County has a trail master plan and our old road findings are an integral part of that plan. We mapped three channels of the Trading Path crossing Orange County, and we studied land ownership on several of the fords over the Eno River. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Actually, one of our first proof-of-concept opportunities arose in Orange County. After the Durham newspaper gave the TPA so good ink we received a call from a local man from outside of Hillsborough. He said his church elders could no longer remember where their first church and cemetery was and he asked if I could help find the site. We found the site in under two hours by just walking a major creek in the vicinity of the church until we saw a ford road climbing a hogback toward the ridge top. Atop the ridge we found the church. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">And when I learned how the church site became unusable for lack of road maintenance it triggered another research project which has since taken on a life of its own. When the state took over road maintenance around 1921 local commissions defined which roads needed to be maintained, and the road to our church was removed from the maintenance list. In twenty years, as ruts grew deeper and cars grew lower to the ground, access became impossible. I found another four or five churches within five miles of Hillsborough which had suffered a similar fate. They were all Black parishes and I could find no examples of White parishes experiencing the same thing. I turned this research over to the Center for the Study of the American South at UNC-CH and they have a multi-year research and oral history project to determine the extent of this sort of Jim Crow abuse.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Of course, we mapped all the Eno River crossings we could find and in doing so found a neat trick for finding roads overlain by reservoirs; they leave a rectangular bay whereas naturally occurring channels are vee-shaped. We located a likely site for the first Court meeting in Orange County at which the county came into being. It was located in a key geopolitical spot, just above a major ford over an Eno tributary, Seven Mile Creek, and at the west entrance to Occaneechi Gap. We studied Occaneechi gap to typify piedmont gaps. The gap saved travelers 100 vertical feet of climbing and descent and allowed passage through what became Orange County without fording the Eno. For thousands of years a Native American commercial route, it became the "Great Central Coast Road '' when wagons arrived, and later it became NC Highway 10. Today, Interstates 85 and 40 merge and diverge in that gap.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We also mapped remnants of the Upper Trading Path all across the county. While doing this we came across the site of the Eno Quaker Meeting House, where Jimmy Carter's ancestors worshipped. We lobbied local Quaker Meetings about restoring the remarkable stone walled cemetery on the site, and there has been loose talk about creating a new Eno Meeting on the site. The meeting and cemetery were on the south side of the Trading Path/Thigpen's Trace. Local Quakers are still trying to find a way to revive that old Meeting.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Recently we have come to believe this Upper Trading Path was overlain by the wagon road shown on the Mosley Map of NC (1733). It was a military road pioneered by James Thigpen, a militia captain tasked with making a military road from the Chesapeake to the Gulf of Mexico during Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), and he did so between 1702 and 1704. This road may be the most important road in NC history. We are trying to assemble a paper on the subject.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">As an aside: Rebecca Dobbs, in her UNC-CH Geography Doctoral Dissertation located the earliest land grants in Orange County. They were almost all along Thigpen’s Trace, the old Trading Path.</span></p></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: center;"><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We mapped another channel of the Trading Path across both Durham and Orange County. It crossed New Hope Creek at "Eno Wills" villages just downstream from Erwin Road. They were described by William Byrd in 1726 as two villages "on either side of a pretty little rivulet." TPA prepared a report for a developer who was planning a subdivision on the land in question. With the developer's permission we shared our study report with Durham's Open Space manager and it was she who organized a coalition of Durham City, Durham County, and Orange County which pooled resources and grants and bought the land from the developer and put it all in a land trust. and they hired archaeologists who found a village site on the west side of the stream but the sister village on the east bank was destroyed by Trinity School in spite of our best efforts to get them to study before building. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In fact, TPA has studied a half dozen projects for developers prior to development to help them avoid interference during development. All of these relationships have resulted in the protection of artifacts by either turning them into tourist attractions or by sheltering them. For example, for a development in Hillsborough we examined a few hundred acres and found four Civil War rifle-pits. The developer agreed not to draw attention to them and incorporate them and the hilltop they surrounded in his landscape and trail plan.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the Eno River Association (ERA) we surveyed land at the Forks of the Eno. This was historically important land, and we located the footings for a bridge shown on the 1771 Collet Map. In the same area we mapped a long and wide head-race and its mill seat plus a second mill seat with races a few hundred yards downstream. The ERA and private land owners who owned remnants of the mills agreed to preserve them.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Town of Hillsborough engaged TPA in a project to assess the archaeological value of twenty-six parcels owned by the town but undeveloped. Our work product for this project was a Geographic Information System (GIS) Database which informed a map which overlays existing town GIS . It shows by color coding various degrees of archaeological value so planners and staff could see which sites should be studied before development and which were free for development.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Speaking of GIS, the TPA was a very early adopter of the use of Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) for locating archaeological sites, fords and roadbeds. This technology shows a two foot deep defilade in Earth’s surface under eighty percent leaf cover. After investing a couple of decades learning how to find fords using topographic maps and ground-truthing, LIDaR allowed just sitting at one's desk to view old roadbeds and fords. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We mapped the middle route of the Trading Path across Durham and Orange Counties. It crossed the Eno at the end of Hillsborough's King Street west of that town. And we protected remnants of the wagon road and also the only known remnants of the North Carolina Railroad’s original, “at grade” roadbed by creating a park at a cost to the town of six hundred dollars. East of Hillsborough William Few (of Regulator Fame) had a small farm near this road and in 1815 a merchant, William Kirkland, built his brick mansion, "Ayr Mount," along the old road, and it is now a private historic site. We worked with the manager of Ayr Mount to ensure the deeply incised old roadbed that borders the land was properly signed and recognized.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Similarly, TPA worked with the manager of "Moorefields" historic site to map that site's artifacts. Those include a large segment of the Great Central Coast Road lined with milky quartz to keep the wagons 'between-the-lines' on moonlit nights. Until last year, TPA held two tours every year at Moorefields for about five or six years. We led a spring tour in which we looked for unnatural plants to identify cabin sites and, in the fall, we held a hike to look at other unnatural features uncovered by the leaf-fall.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another area of intense work in both Durham and Orange County is Duke Forest. We have mapped artifacts: roads, mill seats, cabin sites, and graves in five Duke Forest Divisions. Duke has generously given TPA open access to their Forest for research purposes. Though Duke Forest's foresters have no regard for the artifacts on their land and regularly plow them under while piling up 'slash,' it will take them many years to destroy it all. In the Hillsborough Division we found what we believe to be the childhood homesite of Thomas Hart Benton, the politician, sitting in close proximity to Thigpen's Trace/the Trading Path to the Catawba. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alamance County, NC: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Owing to its proximity to our office and the fact that it is rich with military, social, and religious history the TPA has done a good deal of work there.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One year the Hawfields Presbyterian Church asked the TPA to join them in "peregrinating the glebe," which is to say walk the boundaries of the original church lot which was a mile or so from the current church. We were able to discern two roadbeds which had bordered the north and west side of the church's original cemetery. The cemetery site had been lost when a local farmer pulled up and stored all the stones so he could crop the land. The church has since protected the burial place of their founders.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Further west, along the Haw River and on Great Alamance Creek, we found the fords used by William Tryon (Governor, 1762-1771) in his 1771 campaign against the Regulators. We also found the camp where his army spent the nights before and after the Battle of Alamance. Using metal detectors, we identified the tent lines where his men camped and poured lead shot the night before the battle, and his artillery park under which he buried the victims of his drumhead court martial. In doing this we also affirmed the accuracy of the maps drawn by his aide Jean Sauthier.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We also mapped all the known fords over the Haw River and its major tributaries, located a campsite used by the British in the Revolutionary War. We found the intersection where Harry Lee's forces intercepted Dr. Pyle's loyalist force and pretty well defined Pyle's Defeat. With Carol Troxler's guidance we mapped the likely sites of mass burials of Pyle's massacred force. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In mapping the fords of the Haw we discovered three channels of the Trading Path, a high, middle, and lower route; alternatives used under various weather and water conditions. We once surmised all of John Lawson’s daily camps north of South Carolina and this surmise had him crossing the south end of Bass Mountain and crossing the Haw at a ford at Cedar Cliffs upstream from Saxapaha. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We spent considerable time speaking with Alamance County Commission members and staff, touting the Haw River as an unused social and economic asset. With Dr. Mike Holland we organized a canoe flotilla intended to get the commissioners familiar with their river. The upshot was the Commissioners became strong advocates of the river. Impressed with the trash hung up in trees 15 feet above the river they immediately implemented a policy to minimize trash reaching the river through storm water drains. Eventually, they created a Haw River canoe trail as a county park which has since, in part, been incorporated in the Mountain to the Sea Trail. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We led many events and tours in Alamance County and we introduced hundreds of people to the battlefield at Lindley's Mill, the site of the largest militia-on-militia engagement in the Revolutionary War (1781). In the process of studying the War of the Regulation and Revolutionary War we were drawn to the Quaker meetings in Southern Alamance County which served as hospitals in all of the military affairs in the region, mainly Cane Creek Meeting ("The Mother of Meetings") and Spring Meeting near the Lindley Mill battlefield. Cane Creek authorized the Eno Meeting in Orange County and, as mentioned earlier, we mapped the site thoroughly. Though the structure was gone the corner stone piles remained so we were able to map its footprint. We also mapped in detail the large, stone walled cemetery next to the Meeting site. The Meeting and cemetery sat alongside the Upper Trading Path/Thigpen's Trace. [see Rivers Mapped below].</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Guilford County</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The TPA attended GPS training at the Guilford Courthouse Battlefield, and then, using National Park Service GPS equipment we mapped some of the Race to the Dan sites on the Yadkin River and on the Dan River. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the southern part of the county we executed a contract for a developer and identified house sites, cabin sites, a dairy milking parlor. While mapping Revolutionary War routes, North of Gibsonville, on Highway 61 we found and mapped a very important Revolutionary War site. Using Elon College students and borrowed metal detectors we surmised the location of an old roadbed and the students transected that line putting flags in the ground whenever metal was detected. By the end of the day a dense collection of orange flags perfectly defined the old road bed and pointed straight at the battle site. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Intent on destroying Greene's army camped north of Reedy Fork, Cornwallis raced Lee's light infantry up to Reedy Fork. Lee sacrificed his South Carolina cavalry to slow down Cornwallis while he set up defensive positions on the north bank of Reedy Fork. We located all the roads and fords associated with this battle as well as the location of buildings important to the defense. Eventually, Cornwallis forced a crossing but in doing so he expended so much ammunition and so many troops he could not continue pursuit to Greene's force, this was a prelude to the outcome some days later at Guilford Courthouse.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Stokes County, NC: </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As noted above, while working on a ford on Mayo River in Patrick County, VA we mapped a segment of "the Carolina Road" up to the point where it was overlain by Sandy Ridge Road.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Forsyth County, NC</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, mapped segments of the wagon road from PA, mapped road remnants in Bethabara and Bethania, mapped segments of the GWR between Lewisville and Shallow Ford, and spent time identifying and mapping old wagon roads in Bethania and Bethabara. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yadkin County</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> We mapped a very deeply incised roadbed climbing south out of Shallow Ford and we mapped the battle zone at Battle of Shallowford.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Randolph County </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We mapped the Trading Path/Thigpen's Trace all the way across Randolph County. First, near the Guilford County Line, southwest of Liberty we found a ford site over Sandy Creek below Herman Husband's mill dam. Then east of Randleman we mapped the wagon ford over Polecat Creek used by Governor Tryon's forces in the aftermath of the Battle of Alamance. At Randleman we found the original ford site over Deep River and the road that passed Randolph County's original courthouse, just on the east edge of the Uwharrie Mountains. These mountains presented a nearly impassable barrier to wagon traffic. Wagons and probably Thigpen's Trace diverted to pass along the southern foot of the mountains most of the time parallel and north of the line of Highway 64. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We attempted, with limited success, to identify the pre-wagon route through the mountains. At the west end of the most likely route was Huber's Mill, the seat of which sits in the forks of the Uwharrie and Little Uwharrie River on a direct line of the route to Boone's Ford. Nearby, within a half mile of the mill seat we located the likely site of "Totero," a town visited by John Lawson. East of the Uwharrie River, we mapped a Native American footpath overlain by modern Earnhardt Road. It was a ridge trail on the northern military crest of a ridge complex north of Carroway Mountain. Proceeding east from Huber's mill seat in the forks of the Uwharrie and Little Uwharrie River we noted the new road did something old roads never did, it made a ninety degree turn to get down off of its ridge. When we examined the terrain east of the turn we found a pack horse trail that had created a badly eroded horse path on the south side of the hogback leading to the foot of the mountain. Examining the hogback we found a footpath that climbed from the bottom to the top of the ridge with a number of switchbacks allowing a porter to ascend and descend what would otherwise have been a difficult climb. </span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Continuing our tracing of the route of the Trading Path west from Huber's Mill we found that the best line was along Jerusalem Road which at one time merged with Highway 47 and as it approached Abbotts Creek it veered off to the left to use a ford at Miller's Mill. In low water we were able to see mill seat remnants and gather some GPS points. The ford road west of the mill passed through a mill related hamlet with a tavern site (defined by footprint) a large public well and a large vinca covered cemetery. There were a half dozen house sites in the vicinity of the tavern at the head of the ford approach slope.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Climbing out of Abbotts Creek to the west we found an old road on a line to merge with Jersey Church Road, and the road led us down to an old road cut on the west side of Highway 8 which led to a ford over Potts Creek and into the NC Railroad switchyard. Originally the road continued across the bottom land to climb out on to a road paralleling the Yadkin River which eventually led to Boone's Ford. In the vicinity of the switchyard we mapped a mill site near the confluence of Potts Creek and the Yadkin River that was paved with brick, probably a ford entrance for the "Trading Ford" wagon crossing.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Upstream from I-85 we found well preserved remnants of Fort York, a Civil War Confederate artillery position intended to block crossing the Yadkin and to protect the railroad bridge over that river. Remarkably, the site was preserved pretty much entirely as the owner used the artillery pads as mobile home sites and never touched the trenches connecting the artillery pads with the still discernible ammunition bunker in the center of the fort. Fort York successfully turned back a Union cavalry raid in 1865. About a third of its original perimeter was lost to construction of I-85.</span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Davidson County </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">engaged the TPA to map all of its Yadkin River crossings and this was one of the most informative studies we made. We found that there were four or five fords across the Yadkin in Davidson County (one was so disturbed by railroad construction it was impossible to confirm its location west of Denton). We found that with the arrival of wagons in the area ferries replaced fords as all weather crossings safer than fording. By the early years of the nineteenth century there were twenty-four ferry sites along the Yadkin in the county. Davidson County published the executive summary of our report as a booklet that went through a half dozen printings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We also mapped a number of mill sites and cabin sites in northern Davidson County and mapped a number of fords over Abbotts Creek. Perhaps the most interesting of these sites was upstream from where Highway 64 crosses the Yadkin. This, in time, we came to believe was where Thigpen's Trace crossed the Yadkin. There was a foot ford there and then a wagon ford. Ambitious folk located Yadkin College next to the roadbed betting that the railroad would use that crossing, and they lost their bet. We mapped the remaining buildings of the college and the roads associated with the ford. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We spent a good deal of time working on a place called Hickory Lick Ford in the upper reach of the Yadkin in Davidson County as we thought it might have been an important ford for the Great Wagon Road. We located the ford approach road in Davidson County and mapped it. On the other side of the river the road was more difficult to discern though it was overlaid with modern drives. But it clearly was important at one time. Attempting to trace this road northward to a crossing over Muddy Creek proved frustrating so it's location in Forsyth County remains undetermined, it was, though, vectoring toward Bethania.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The largest effect of our work in Davidson County is a multi-county park on the banks of the Yadkin River from the Buck Steam Plant at Trading Ford upstream to Boone's cave, almost eight miles of river front on both sides of the river that is now parkland purchased from ALCOA. In time the Heights of Gowry, from which the British watched their troops frustrated at crossing the Yadkin fired cannon at the amused Americans on the north bank during the Race to the Dan will be protected, or so said the Department of Transportation ten or so years ago. Fort York has already been purchased as parkland, and the old Highway 58 bridge now belongs to Davidson County and will be incorporated into the park plan. Who could ask for a better outcome?</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We had no contracts in Rowan or Davie Counties, and none in Cabarrus County or Lincoln County</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> but we did some mapping gratis. We looked for Boone cabin sites in Davie County, and we mapped fords over the Catawba River in Cabarrus and Lincoln County. In Lincoln County we were privileged to get aboard the Duke Power plant at a dam that sits above the site where the British Army forced a crossing during which General Davidson earned a lifted hoof for his equestrian statue. We have since lobbied unsuccessfully for a memorial to the lame school teacher who went with one of his students to the battle, instructed the younger man on how to survive and was killed when the battle was joined. He deserves an honor and we failed to get it for him.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mecklenburg County - </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Though we met with county commissioners and the County Manager and the Mayor's staff in Charlotte, we were unable to generate much interest in heritage tourism. We poked around a bit, mapped Nation's Ford over the Catawba and found some kindred spirits. Therefore we created "The Historic Mapping Congress" an association of GPS and battlefield enthusiasts. Our original plan was to develop a GIS map into which anybody could upload their GPS point for whatever site they'd mapped. After getting the organization going I found that driving to Charlotte for monthly meetings was outside my budget so I bowed out. They have a very attractive website and an enthusiastic membership.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Union County - </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We contracted with a developer, a Boy Scout leader who had some knowledge of John Lawson, who wanted us to examine eight hundred acres of raw land where he planned to build two thousand houses. His belief was that Lawson crossed his land and he intended to name his development "Lawson." After several months of field work, having located two hamlets on the land and done research on residents, and having found a wonderful ford at a mill seat on Twelve Mile Creek, I came to believe the Scout Master’s surmise was correct. When Lawson passed through this country the streams were in full flood and there was no way to cross the Catawba except by hazarding a canoe ferry in a flood stage river. The first place to cross Twelve Mile Creek, feeding the Catawba from the east side was in "Lawson" along an old, abandoned road coming from Andrew Jackson's birthplace through Waxhaw. After careful study it became clear that the ford at "Lawson" was likely to have been John Lawson's crossing before he reached the Catawba tribe located on Sugar Creek in southeast Charlotte. As with Davidson County, the developer turned our report's executive summary into a book and anybody who bought a lot in the development received a copy.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A couple of years after we turned in our report the developer called and asked for a favor. He was late in delivering the promised swimming pool and some other amenities and his buyers were gathering pitchforks and torches, so he asked me to come down and lead a history hike. I agreed without giving it adequate thought. Promised hot dogs and soft drinks, over two hundred residents showed up for a history hike. Needless to say, it was a bit chaotic but we did show them the ford and the mill seat and a few other things the developer preserved with a nature trail. When we finished the hike at about five in the afternoon there was only one hiker missing; a seventy-five year old local who lived near but not in the development. Panic stricken we organized a search party and were detailing groups to take different routes when the old guy came out of the woods and asked what the fuss was about. I told him and he said, "Son, I've been hunting this land since I was a lad. I can't get lost."</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">York County, South Carolina, Andrew Jackson State Park -</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> We were asked to speak at Andrew Jackson State Park one winter and we accommodated the request. It snowed the night before the talk and when I looked outside the park headquarters I could see an old road invisible under normal conditions. I took a park ranger and we followed the old road to an intersection where corner piles and a chimney fall indicated a cabin site. I suggested that park personnel investigate deeds and ascertain if this was, indeed, Andrews Jackson's birthplace. I have no idea what resulted.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">That, with a few omissions owing to advance age is what we've done for the last twenty years.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FINALLY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;">One or more of our Board of Directors, early in the project, suggested that I should apply for a position in the North Carolina Humanity Council's Speakers Bureau, </span><i style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Road Scholars. </i><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;">They accepted me and </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;">that became our main publishing outlet. I was allowed ten talks per year for about ten years and I spoke to groups ranging from ten to seventy-five people and on a couple of </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: 400; white-space: pre-wrap;">exhilarating</span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> events over a hundred attended. I haven't audited my records but I expect I spoke about fords and roads and their effects on our population distributions in over fifty counties. On two occasions I spoke to National Genealogical Society meetings and reached hundreds each time. One year I read a paper on fords and the use of LIDaR to the Association of American Geographers, and it was well received. </span></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: left;"><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, in sum, we can say the TPA has had an impact on how people look at contact era history in Carolina and the greater southeast. I could never have happened but for the support of Board Members, volunteers, and donors.</span></font></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: center;"><font face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Thank you all.</span></font></p><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></h2>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-86609035588897247642020-06-19T13:58:00.000-04:002020-06-20T15:47:20.526-04:00"Thigpen's Trace"<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; line-height: 1.6; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 426.429px;">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 26pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">THIGPEN TRACE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">“Thigpen Trace, the oldest military road in Georgia, was cut by James Thigpen </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">to transport military supplies of Col. James Moore, former Carolina governor. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">It followed a well beaten trail of the Indians from the mountains to the sea in use </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">before the era of the white man. Coming from South Carolina above the Broad River, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">along the Chattahoochee water divide to the Gulf of Mexico, it avoided all swamps </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and great rivers. The English claimed the territory as Carolina while the Spanish </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">claimed it as Florida. Col. Moore led the English in an attack down Thigpen Trail and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">“made Carolina as safe as the conquest of the Spanish and Appalachee (Indians) </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">can make it.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">GHM 159-3 GEORGIA HISTORICAL COMMISSION 1956</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Perhaps the most important road in North Carolina history, Thigpen's </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Trace is a road most have never heard about. It has a highway marker </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">in Georgia but none in South Carolina, Virginia, and North Carolina. It </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">dates back to 1704 and profoundly influenced settlement patterns and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">demographics in the backcountry of the Carolinas. As a war road, it may </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">have brought remarkable peace to the backcountry, more on that in a bit.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In 1702 a World War broke out between Spain and France and England </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">for various reasons but not least because each was interfering with the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">other's pillaging of North America. It was called Queen Anne’s War. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Immediately upon learning of the hostilities North Carolina, which </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">neighbored Spanish and French claims and suffered raids by Spain’s </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">allied Native Americans, went on a war footing under the former Carolina </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Governor, James Moore. Captain (later Major) James Thigpen of the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Chowan District on the South side of Virginia was given a contract to </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">construct a military road from the Chesapeake to the Gulf of Mexico. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Roughly 450 miles long, this road was to transport military supplies, that is, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">it was a wagon road.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.carolana.com/NC/Maps/Moseley_1733.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Moseley Map, 1733</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">[Based on the work of John Lawson]</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">On this 1733 map several roads appear in the Quaker settlements on the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">north shore of Albemarle Sound, but the only other roads on the map are </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">a road from the Albemarle to Charleston and a road labelled as "Indian </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Trading Road from the Cataubos and Charokee Indians to Virginia." This, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">for the following reasons, is likely Thigpen's Trace. The evidence supporting </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">this theory is cartographic and historical.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Cartographically we have the Moseley map which appears to show a wagon </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">road arcing across North Carolina's piedmont. Much of this map relied on </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">John Lawson’s survey work between 1701 and 1710. Moseley assumed </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lawson’s position as the Colony’s Surveyor General and inherited his </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">surveys after Lawson’s death (1711). It is likely that most of the work that </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">went into this map was Lawson’s. Lawson traveled through the Carolina </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">backcountry in 1701, took notes that inform most of what we understand </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">about backcountry Carolina Native Americans just after first contact with the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">English.*</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Before the 18th century, map symbology was chaotic but by the beginning of </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the 18th century European geographers knew there needed to be some </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">standardization. One of the earliest such standards was for identifying wagon </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">roads versus horse, trails, or porter trails. By the third decade of the 18th </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">century the convention had settled on two parallel lines, the same mark </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">wagons make on the ground. Horse trails were marked with dashed single </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">lines, cart paths by small "os" and footpaths by dotted lines. The "Trading </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Road....." shown on Moseley's map consists of two parallel lines. As there is </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">no other road in the backcountry except Thigpen’s Trace, it is likely that John </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Lawson mapped the old road sometime after 1704</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre;">.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">There may be another map that shows a portion of Thigpen’s Trace. The </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Barnwell-Hammerton Map (ca 1715) purports to show three recruiting trips </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">made by Jack Barnwell during the Tuscarora War during which he recruited </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Native American levies with which to fight the Tuscarora. After it reaches the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Catawba on the Catawba River it seems to follow the same line as that </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">shown on the Moseley Map. At the Haw River, though, It abruptly turned </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">down country to follow the Neuse River to the Tuscarora towns below the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Fall Zone. Lawson may have had a version of his map during his 1701 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">travels through the backcountry.**</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 453px; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img height="453" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/KLPNTH7VinCjdtEJNpKeDHmBhTRgNtdkjdPXQs5PoeiKRyomsA27GXgbiou-JF0WH3s_aYQWp4X8qHddFq-tsnUPOiK-n7UuzyF-1oQMbir1Q-T9-zyhNAwzerGF5lmNVJKVruc" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="624" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Historically, we have one documentary source. We have yet to find Thigpen's </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">contract with England, Carolina, or Governor Moore to build the road. But we do </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">have some otherwise difficult to explain facts. To wit: there is strong evidence that </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the backcountry was heavily populated before any government arrived and grants </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">became common.One study of British property confiscation receipts issued in 1781 </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">for property taken by British officers, found that 60% of the people named in the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">receipts appeared in no other North Carolina records; not deeds, nor road orders, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">nor jurys, nor militia. To appear in any of those records a person needed to own </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">land. So the findings suggest a large population of unlanded people with property </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">worth confiscation. Albemarle Quakers wanted nothing to do with Anglican </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">government and would have avoided paying tithes to their Anglican vestry at </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">practically any cost. Finally, when the people around Cane Creek in Alamance </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">County wanted to create a meeting in the early 1750s they sent two women down </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">to a Perquimans County Quaker Meeting to gain permission.***</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Roads, whether Native or European, are commercial infrastructure, they facilitate </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">trade. They always lead to valuable assets, unless blocked people will use them. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The asset in question was unused farmland and its allure undoubtedly drew settlers </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">down from Virginia, Maryland and points north. Among the earliest farmers to </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">venture down the road it is likely there were Quakers from the Albemarle </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">settlements.****</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Anglicans took over government in the Albemarle with the failure of Cary's Rebellion,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">a confusing and desultory affair that is difficult to characterize which lasted from </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">1705-1711. Until 1705 the Albemarle settlements were under the control, sometimes </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">legally and sometimes not, of religious dissenters who around 1650 escaped from </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Anglican and Catholic abuses in Virginia and Maryland respectively to sheltering </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">below the Dismal Swamp. Many of the dissenters were former Cromwellian soldiers, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and were armed and dangerous. So Virginia opted to let them be.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">The dissenters, who it seems were proto-Quakers, lived peacefully there for fifty </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">years or more. They entered into and honored a treaty with local Native Americans, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">perhaps brokered by Nathaniel Batts, a trader on the sounds. The treaty gave them </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the right to occupy the land on the north shore of Albemarle Sound. There was but </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">one limitation placed on them, they agreed to not settle west of the Chowan River, </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">and so long as possible they honored that treaty.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">With Batt's cooperation they also established relations with the privateers and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pirates who frequented the sounds and traded booty for crops. This effectively gave </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the dissenters access to European goods and a navy which increased their security. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Alas, eventually friendship with Blackbeard ended Quaker control in the Albemarle </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">as it brought into the sounds enough military force to capture and execute </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Blackbeard and replace the ruling Quakers with Anglicans.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">In 1672 George Fox, the founder of The Friends Society visited this dissenter </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">settlement and in his journal he noted that the Albemarle settlements set a good </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">example of how Native and English could live side by side in peace. In fact there </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">was considerable mixing of blood and cultures. This was all brought to a stop by </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Anglican determination to oust dissenter government. One earmark of Anglican </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">influenced decisions was that, starting around 1705, settlers pushed over the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Chowan River to take up claims to Tuscarora land. This all culminated with the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Tuscarora 1711 execution of North Carolina's Surveyor General, the man </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">responsible for selling North Carolina land to settlers. And that event led to the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Tuscarora War which decimated Native Peoples below the fall zone.*****</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Desperate for liberty, many of the Albemarle Quakers moved west to escape </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Anglican oppression. The only wagon road into the backcountry was Thigpen's </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Trace, so it is likely that was the route along which they moved their farms. Once </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">in the Piedmont the Quakers, according to the lore of the Occaneechi-Saponi </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">peoples, became the protectors and patrons to surviving Native peoples who were </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">until then regularly raided by slavers. Thus they ensured peace would reign in the </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">backcountry, thanks to Thigpen’s Trace.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Later, around 1750 Quaker settlers from Pennsylvania took up land in the Piedmont </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">too, and variations in their religious tenets led to friction between the two Quaker </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">groups. That friction may have played a role in the War of the Regulation. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Vestiges of our Albemarle Quakers live on among us. For example, Albemarle </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Quakers had women meeting leaders, something banned by both the London and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia Meetings. And to this day North Carolina has the highest per capita </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">incidents of women lead meetings in the US. It may not be too great a leap of </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">imagination to claim that the early and persistent Albemarle Quaker presence is </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">the reason North Carolina proudly became ‘A vale of humility between two </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">mountains of conceit.’</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">***********************************Notes**************************</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-4ff0989e-7fff-95c1-4af2-a036b8df011a"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> * John Lawson,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> A New Voyage to Carolina, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">London, 1710. There are several editions of this book </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">and one reprint of the origins (Naples, FA, Readex, 1966).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-130f36e1-7fff-9843-82b3-12471512e0df"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> ** A copy of the Barnwell-Hammerton map resides in and may be seen at the North Carolina State </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Archives. Barnwell and the Moore cousins were traders working out of the Turkey Creek area </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">outside Charleston. It was this "Turkey Cr</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;">eek faction" that more or less sponsored Lawson's trip.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; white-space: pre;">"“Fall Zone” is defined as the terrain between where a river falls off of the piedmont and </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">where it begins to cross the coastal plain. The bottom of the fall zone is, generally, the head of </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">muscle powered navigation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-cabe1c53-7fff-be2d-9212-8560d695ca8d"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> ***</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">L.E. Babits, "Military Records and Historical Archaeology" in </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Documentary Archaeology in </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">the New World, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Mary Beaudry , 1988/1993.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-8bdbfc6d-7fff-3763-e00b-d0283d9b67c5"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">**** As of 1701, Lawson estimated that not one in six Native Americans survived from just a few </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">decades ago. Most were probably slaved into the Carribean where every three were worth two </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Africans, and the rest succumbed to disease and absorption into the new order.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c5f195eb-7fff-aebf-308e-8eb29d11c4a7"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> ***** The difference between a pirate and a privateer is that privateers were governed by “letters </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">of marque,” documents that authorized them to capture enemy vessels in a time of war. Obviously, </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">peace-time was of no use to privateers and many continued taking prizes when their war ended. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Blackbeard, John Teach, was a privateer turned pirate. He was friends with Carolina’s governor but </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">he made a tremendous blunder during Queen Anne’s War, he blockaded Charleston harbor and </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">demanded a large ransom to lift the blockade. The British Navy in the Caribbean had cooperated </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">with Governor Moore in his attack on Spanish St. Augustine and prevented the Spanish fleet from </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">coming to St. Augustine’s aid. After that war the fleet was made available to the governors of Virginia </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">and Carolina and they settled two scores at once using this naval force. Virginia militia and Royal </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Marines descended on the Albemarle while the British fleet trapped Blackbeard in the sounds, fought </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">him, captured him, hung him, and beheaded him. They were only slightly more generous with the </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Quakers of the Albemarle.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-3635190050938154992019-10-22T17:27:00.002-04:002021-10-24T18:13:01.982-04:00The Great Central Coast Road of North Carolina (and how it links to myriad related subjects)<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I'm working on a book tentatively titled </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Finding Ways</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. It will, I hope, describe old road routing and construction methods and how to find remnants of those old highways, by-ways, and other ways of moving over land in the Age of Muscle Power. First, though, a word or two on The Age of Muscle Power. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here is the origin of one of the roads under consideration:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Great Central Coast Road</span></h2>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We departed the age of muscle powered land transportation in the second decade of the 19th century, just nine score years ago. All of humanity employed muscle power to move over land for millennia. One can argue about what constitutes humanity and human history but no matter one’s preferred scale, be it 7,000 Biblical years or 2.5 million paleoantological years, it was a very long time to be limited to the same power source. Institutions and infrastructures grew around the technology of muscle powered movement. As man devised new and different means of achieving efficiency within the basic power source, these institutions and infrastructures evolved to accommodate new realities. Domesticating beasts to do the carrying was one such change. Development of sledges and wheels were others. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each change took, it seems, thousands of years to move into the next best thing. For example, domestication of livestock started with the dog thirty-some thousand years ago, and it is likely that discovery that dogs could pull their own weight was not far behind. Cows succumbed to human command 10,000 years ago, horses and dromedary camels went under the yoke, so to speak, only 6000 years ago, bactrian camels and yaks came to us only 4500 years ago, or so they say. So, after stumbling around under packs and toting things on our heads, dragging them along behind us for most of human existence, over a period of about 30,000 anthropological years we developed a set of optional, muscled carriers. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Then, with mastery of our beasts we began experimenting with improved efficiency. Ours dogs, early on, pulled travois, Egyptians sledged massive weights around as much as 5,000 years ago, and if they did so you can rely on the fact that folk in the great white north used sledges at least that long ago, drawn by dogs and then by reindeer (domesticated 3000 BCE). The leap to wheels occurred about 6000 years ago. It wasn’t a big leap from rollers placed under a large object to rollers attached to an axle. And that is as far as we evolved muscle powered land transportation. From porters to wagons took about 25000 years, and there we sat for another five thousand years waiting for internal combustion.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the less noted but more interesting facts about the region of England’s first North American frontier, the southeast of North America, is that it recapitulated the evolution of human transportation technology over a period of just two hundred years, and there are sufficient remnants of those two hundred years to demonstrate the economic and social impetus to and impacts of transportation evolution. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Until 1676 porters dominated cargo transportation in the southeast, and domestic animals dominated from 1676 until the 1720s when wheeled transportation came to dominate commercial transportation. Owing to the ever demanding </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">economies of scale,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> it was only a further 80 years until wheeled traffic totally dominated the southeast east of the Blue Ridge. A nifty recapitulation indeed.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Having dealt with the evolution of muscle powered transportation with broad strokes on a human scale and on a regional scale, let us turn back to considering the ways we move over land.and to that end examine the word "way." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) reveals “way” to be an Anglo Saxon term derived almost unchanged from an Indo-European root. The OED provides an astonishing ten pages of definitions for the simple, single syllable word. Anglo-Saxon English is famously rich in one syllable words most of which can be used for every part of speech; noun, verb, adverb, etc. The downside of this is that it is difficult to obfuscate with Anglo-Saxon English (as opposed to Norman English, the language most likely to have produced the label "perfidious Albion"). For a student of old roads, though, "way" is where one starts.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A "way" is a route from A to B. A simple concept which, perhaps because of its simplicity, is applied to all sorts of constructions, both physical and metaphorical (e.g., the Ways and Means Committee is charged with finding the route to revenues sufficient to run the state). So, it has about it an element of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">method</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> for connecting A to B as well as routing movement from A to B. Rather than get wrapped around the axle wading through ten pages of the OED, though, let us treat these introductory notes as fair warning that though it may be a simple word, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">way</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is not a simple concept.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Let us consider highways and byways first as those are what concern us most. By-ways introduce another simple but complex idea, By takes up six pages in the OED, and the meanings range from 'proximate to', as in: nearby, and as a means to an end, as in 'by doing A you will accomplish B.The OED tells us that a byway is not a highway, it is a lesser way, a way near the highway but not on it. There are also pathways (for foot or animal passage), cartways and roadways, and ways were attached to every imaginable vehicle. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In English law a highway is a route that connects two market towns. Every English market town had a High Street whereon one found the markets, and to this day the shopping district in English cities and towns is referred to as High Street. Given what we've seen of colonial highways in southeastern North America, it may be appropriate to surmise that this designation applied to the "high road", the way that ran above the floods, the road that crossed streams higher in their course before bridging allowed shorter routing. Colonial and early national postal regulations specified that in order to have a post office one must be located on an "all season, all weather road" and that too may be part of the definition of highway.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">England used highways strategically in its colonization of Ireland as well as in North America. It is possible that this technique was Norman in origin. In Ireland Norman English established market towns by arbitrarily creating Anglican parishes and connected them by highways. Market towns allowed for capital concentration and a means by which the conqueror could superimpose law into what the conqueror defined as 'lawless frontier realms.' Once established by law, a parish commission came into being with authority to "tithe" residents to pay for the Anglican Church even a church without a preacher. They encouraged capital investment and they provided a way and means to ship whatever commodity a colony had that would benefit the crown out of the colony and into English hands. Effectively used in reducing Ireland’s majority Catholics, England employed the same techniques in America to subdue insubordinate folk in the backcountry of Carolina.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Governor Arthur Dobbs (NC governor, 1754-1764) received his commission as governor, in part, by promising to subdue the colony’s majority population of non-Anglican protestants; largely Baptists, Quakers, and Presbyterians. To that end he established thirty-some Anglican parishes in a colony with only a half dozen Anglican priests. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These parishes he planted in market towns in the midst of dissenters. The parishes became the core of colonial legal process, and the came with "test oaths", oaths swearing loyalty to crown and Anglican church. This encouraged Anglican entrepreneurs to move into hostile districts to tax dissenter. It also ensured dissenters (except Presbyterians) would have no voice in courts or other local government offices. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As in Ireland, ambitious Anglicans quickly establish enclaves among dissenter populations (Dobbs descended from a Cromwellian officer granted a market town in Ireland). Hillsborough, for example, was a result of this maneuver, and within ten years minority rule fomented a rebellion among backcountry religious dissenters called </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Regulatio</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">n. One artifact of that moment is a military road suitable for carrying cannon part of which in Durham County is misnamed Cornwallis Road. It should have been called Tryon's Road after Dobbs' protege,William Tryon, the man who implemented the Irish solution in the backcountry after the demise of his mentor.</span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It seems likely that Dobbs had relocated North Carolina’s capitol from the mouth of the Cape Fear River to the Mouth of the Neuse River because the latter drainage contained dissident populations while the former was ruled by Anglicans and populated by Presbyterians, Anglican allies. Further, the Scots of the Cape Fear basin had emigrated to their new homes after losing the Battle of Culloden and swearing to never again take up arms against England; they were a tame lot. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Not so the Baptists and Quakers of the Neuse drainage. Dobbs strategically sited his capital to address the main challenge to his power and the power of his allies, North Carolina’s absentee landlords. Then he built a way to move an army inland, and it came to be called </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Great Central Coast Road. </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 15px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It ran from the mouth of the Neuse to the Appalachian Mountains and Tennessee.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-62846139814604843802019-10-22T16:42:00.001-04:002020-07-05T11:17:24.251-04:00A bibliography of Secondary Sources Consulted as Part of the TPA Research Project into the Development of Commercial Routes in the Southeast of North America <br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A bibliography of Secondary Sources Consulted as Part of the TPA Research Project into the Development of Commercial Routes in the Southeast of North America </span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">(With apologies for the formatting lost in translation)</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abernethy, Thomas Perkins, Three Virginia Frontiers, Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University Press, 1940 The Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in Southern History. ColHis/NA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d'Abbeville, Sanson, Translated by Pauline Carson Blochy and Robert Martinon, edited by Louis M. Bloch, Jr. America,, 1667. Cleveland: Bloch and Company (1959). America,, 1667. Cleveland: Bloch and Company , 1959 ColHis/NA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Adams, James Truslow, editor in chief.Atlas of American History New York: CVharles Scribner's Sons 1943 Ref</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Akins, Bill. The Unicoi Turnpike Trail: A Path Through Time. Etowa, TN: Tenn essee Overhill Heritage Association . 2008 NA/Xport Tech</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Adair, James, ed. Samuel Cole WilliamsAdair's History of the American Indian (Johnson City, TN: Watauga Press, 1930). Adair's History of the American Indian (Johnson City: Watauga Press, 1930 NA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Adams, Samuel Hopkins. The Erie Canal. New York: Random House,1953). New York: Random House, 1953 Xport</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alden, John R. John Stuart and the Southern Colonial Frontier, 1754-1775 Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press1944h NA/Trade</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Allen, David Grayson. In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1981). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981 Col</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Allen, Theodore W. The Invention of the White Race, 2 vol Chicago Verso Corporation 1994, 1997 Race and Slavery</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alsberg, Henry G., ed. The American Guide: The South and the Southwest, 1 of 4 volumes. New York: Hastings House (1949) The American Guide: The South and the Southwest, 1 of 4 volumes. New York: Hastings House . 1949 Ref</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alvord, Clarence Walworth and Bidgood, Lee, The first explorations of the Trans-Allegheny region by the Virginians, 1650-1674, Cleveland:, Arthur H. Clark Co. 1912 Col</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">American Association of State Highway Officials. Public Roads of the Past, 3500 B.C. to 1800 A.D. Washington, DC: American Association of Highway Officials. 1952 xport tech</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Anderson, Virginia DeJohn. Creatures of Empire: How Domestic Animals Transformed Early America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004 ColHis and Environment</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Andrews, Charles M., ed. Narratives of the Insurrections, 1675-1690. Cranbury, NJ: Scholar’s Bookshelf 195/2005. ColHis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Anon A History of Roads in Virginia: "the most convenient ways" Richmond, VA Virginia Department of Transportation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Arnor, Robert D. The Lost Colony in Literature. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources 1983 ColHis</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Axtell, James. Imagining the Other: First Encounters in North America. Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 1991 NA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. The Indians' New South: Cultural Exchange in the Colonial Southeasst Baton Rouge Louisiana State Press 1997 NA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bailey, Abigail Abbot, Traves, Ann, ed.Religion and Domestic Violence in Early New England: The Memoirs of Abigail Abbot Bailey. Bloominton: Indiana University Press. 1989</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bailyn, Bernard. Voyagers to the West:A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knope, 1986</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Baker, Emerson W., et.al. eds. American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1994</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Baker, Steve G. The Historic Catawba Peoples: Exploratory Perspectives in Ethnohistory and Archaeology, a working draft. Department Of History, Columbia: University of South Carolina 1975</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Baldwin, Leland D. The Keelboat Age on Western Waters. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press 1941/60.80.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ballagh, James Curtis, White servitude in the Colony of Virginia: a study of the system of indentured labor in the American colonies, (Baltimore, Kessinger Publishing, 1895</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bannon, John Francis. History of the Americas, Volume One: The Colonial Americas. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co 1952</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Baptist, Edward E. Stony the Road They Trod Durham: Duke University Libraries. 2002</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Barbour, PPhillip, Editor The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 1580-1631 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 1964, 1st Edition 3 vol</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Berlin, Ira Masny Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1998</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bierer, Bert W. Indians and Artifacts of the Southeast:..... Columbia: Bierer PPublishing Company 1977</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Beloff, Max. The Age of Absolutism, 1660-1815. New York: Harper Torchbooks 1962</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bennet, Lerone, Jr. Before the Mayblower: A History of the Negro in America, 1619-1964 (Revised Edition) Baltimore: Penguin Books 1962</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Billings, Warren M. The Papers of Sir William Berkeley, 1605-1677. Richmond: Library of Virginia 2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Blethen, H. Tyler and Wood, Curtis W., Jr. From Ulster to Carolina: The Migration of the Scotch-Irish to Southwestern North Carolina. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History 1998</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Blythe, Alexandriana LeGette. The Revolution in the South, 1769-1781 [Mecklenburg Bicentennial Edition]. Charlotte: Charlotte Publishers 1975</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Borneman, Walter R. The French and Indian War:Deciding the Fate of North America. New York: HarperCollins 2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bourne, Russell. Gods of War, Gods of Peace: How the Meeting of Native and Colonial Religions Shaped Early America. New York: Harcourt 2002</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Boykin, James Handy, "Genesis of Early Carolina” (Thesis (Ed. D.) Leeds University of Leeds 1969</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bracey, Susan L. Life by the Roaring Roanoke: A History of Mecklenburg County, Virginia. Mecklenburg County The Mecklenburg County Bicentennial Commission 1977</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Braund, Kathry E. Deerskins & Duffels Lincoln University of Nebraska Press1993</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Briceland, Alan V. Westward from Virginia: Exploration of the Virginia-Carolina Frontier, 1650-1710 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 1987</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bridenbaugh, Carl. The Colonial Craftsman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1950</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brooks, James F. Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest BorderlandsChapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives Nasty Wenches & Anxious Partiarchs. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1996</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bruchey, Stuart. The Roots of American Economic Growth, 1607-1861. New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1968).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Burke, Thyomas The Poems of Governor thomas Burke of North Carolina Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources 1961</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Burch, James S. Historical Outline of Road Adminstration in North Carolina Raleigh NC State Library April 1940 Prefacatory history of NC roads</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Burt, Jesse and Robert Ferguson.Indians of the Southeast. Nashville: Abington Press 1973</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Byrd, William II Histories of the Dividing Line Betwixt Virginia and North Carolina, Toronto,: Dover Publications 1967</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Byrd, William L. III. Villany Often Goes Unpunished: Indian Records From The North Carolina General Assembly Sessions, 1675-1789. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books 2002</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Calloway, Colin G. The Shawnees and the War for America. New York: The Penguin group. 2007</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Carnes, Mark and Garraty, John A.. Mapping America’s Past, S Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1996</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Carr, Lois Green, Morgan, Philip D.,Colonial jChesapeake Society Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Caruso, John Anthony. The Appalachian Frontier: America's First Surge Westward. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.2003</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chambers, William Nisbet Old Bullion Benton, Senator from the New West: A Drama of Political Conflict. Boston: Little Brown and Company 1956</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chaplin, Joyce E. An Anxious Pursuit: Agricultural Innovation and Modernity in the Lower South, 1730-1815. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1993</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Title Where Published Publisher Yar of PubAnnotatationsCatagoies</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Claiborne, Jack and William Price. .Discovering North Carolina, A Tarheel Reader. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1991) Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press (1991) 1991</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Clarke, Desmond. Arthur Dobbs, Esquire, 1689-1765: Surveyor General of Ireland, Prospector and Governor of North Carolina. London: Bodley Head. 1958</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Clinton, Catherine and Gillespie, Michele, eds. The Devil’s Lane: Sec and Race in the Early South. New York: Oxford University Press 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Coe, Joffre Lanning, "The Cultural Sequence of the Carolina Piedmont,"in Archeology of the Eastern United States edited by James B. Griffin Chicago: Unviersity of Chicago Press 1952</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Coleman, R.V. The First Frontier. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1948</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conley, James F. Mineral Localities of North Carolina, Informaiton Circular 16. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, 1958</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cook, Jeannine, ed. Columbus and the Land of Ayllon. Darien, GA: Lower Altamaha Historical Society 1990</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cooper, J. M. The Indian trading path & great wagon road across North Carolina-- highlighting Rowan & Cabarrus counties. Kannapolis: J.M. Cooper 1992</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Corbitt, David Leroy. Explorations, Descriptions, and Attempted Settlements of Carolina, 1584-1590. [reprint]. London: Forgotten Books 2017 (1948)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Corkran, David C. The Cherokee Frontier: Conflict and Survival, 1740-62. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press1962</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Coryell, Hubert V. The Scalp Hunters. New York: Harcourt-Brace 1936</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Crane, Vernar Winslow. The Southern Frontier, 1670-1732. Durham: Duke University Press 1928</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Crass, David Colin, et. al. The Southern Colonial Backcountry: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Frontier Communities. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.1998</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Crow, Jeffrey J, Escott, Paul D. and Harley, Flora. A History of African Americans in North Carolina. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. 1992</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. A Chronicle of North Carolina during the American Revolution, 1763-1789. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History. 1997</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cummings, W.P., Hiller, S., Quinn, D.B., and Williams, G. The Exploration of North America, 1630-1776. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons 1974</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cummings, W.P. The Discoveries of John Lederreer Charlotttesviolle Uviversity of Virginia Press 1958</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________. Mapping the North Carolina Coast: Sixteenth Century Cartography and the Roanoke Voyages. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History 1988</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________. The Southeast in Early Maps. Third Edition, Revised & Enlarged by Louis De Vorsey, Jr. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1998</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Daniels, Jonathan. The Devil's Backbone: The Story of the Natchez Trace New York: McGraw-Hill 1962</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Delorme. South Carolina Atlas & Gazetteer [1st Edition]. Yarmouth: DeLorme 1998</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Virginia Atlas & Gazetteer [4th Edition]. Yarmouth: Delorme 2000</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Georgia Atlas & Gazetteer [3rd Edition]. Yarmouth: DeLorme 2001</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________. North Carolina Atlas & Gazetteer [6th Edition, 2nd Printing]. Yarmouth: DeLorme 2003</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Department of Agriculture, US Soil Survey: Alamance County North Carolina Washington D.C. United States Department of Agriculture 1960</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dickens, Roy S. Jr. Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit Region. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dobyns, Henry F. Native American Historical Demography: A Critical Bibliography.Bloomington: University of Indiana Pres 1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Driver, Harold E. Indians of North America, Second Edition, Revised. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1969</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dunaway, Stewart E. Henry Eustace McCulloh Survey Book, 1762-1773. Hillsborough: Stewart E. Dunaway 2011</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Dunaway, Wilma. The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700-1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1996</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Earle, Alice Morse. Stage-Coach & Tavern Days. New York: Dover Publications, Inc, 1969 [Published in 1969, is an unabridged and unaltered republication of the work originally published by The Macmillan Company in 1900].</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Eliot, Charles W., ed. American Historical Documents, 1000-1904, with introductions, notes and illustrations. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. 1910</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Emmer, P.C., editor, Colonialism and migration : indentured labour before and after slavery. Boston. Springer. 1986</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Engels, Donald W. Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army.Berkeley. 1978</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Esposito, Vincent J. Col., Chief Editor. The West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers 1959/1960.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ethridge, Robbie and Hudson, Charles, eds. The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540-1760.Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2008</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fenn, Elizabeth and Peter Wood.Natives and Newcomers: The Way We Lived in North Carolina before 1770. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1983</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fischer, David Hackett. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 2000</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fischer, Kirsten. Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in colonial North Carolina. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2002</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Forbes, Jack D. Africans and Native Americans: The Language of Race and the Evolution of Red-Black Peoples. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1993</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Franklin, Wayne. Discoverers, Explorers, Settlers: The Diligent Writers of Early America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1979</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fraser, George McDonald. The Candlemass Road. Pleasantville: The Akadian Press 1993/2001.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. The Steel Bonnets: The Story of the Anglo-Scottish Border Reivers. New York: HarperCollins 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Fries, Adelaide L. ed. Records of the Moravians in North Carolina. Raleigh: The State Department of Archives and History 1922/1969. The State Department of Archives and History published eight volumes of Records of the M orarians in North Carolina, during the years 1922 through 1954. Lack of funds and the need to publish other documentary materials relating to the his tory of North Carolina resulted in a decision to end the series of Moravian records with the eighth volume.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________, ed. The Road to Salem. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair 1993 This volume was gleaned from the memoirs of Anna Catharina Antes (1726-1816), a deaconness in the Morovian Church who left her native Pennsylvania for the wilds of North Carolina. The 1946 text received high praise, such as that in Book Week : "Fries has built all the material into a narrative so rich in atmosphere and sustained in interest that it has much the same quality of a very good historical novel. Her work is extraordinarily deft and sensitive and possesses both warmth and integrity." The volume works as a history, a biography, and a religious title. Copyright 1994 Reed Business Information, Inc. Galenson, David W., White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1981</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. Traders, planters, and slaves : market behavior in early English America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1986</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gallay, Alan. Indian Slavery in Coloniial America Lincoln University of Nebraska Press2009</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ganyard, Robert L. The Emergence of North Carolina's Revolutiohary State Government. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History 1978</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">George, M. Dorothy. London Life in the Eighteenth ;Century. New York: Capricorn Boooks. 1965</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gibson, Arrell Morgan. The American Indian, Prehistory to the Present. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co 1980</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Title Where Published Publisher Yar of PubAnnotatationsCatagoies Goldstein, Eric L. Tranders and Transports: The Jews of Colonial Maryland. Baltimore: The Jewish Historical Society of Maryland, 1993</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gordon, Robert B. Cost and Use of Water Power during Industrializatioon in New England and Great Britain: A Geological Interpretation</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Green, Stanton, editor, The Archaeology of frontiers and boundaries. Cambriidge: Academic Press 1985/ 2014. Reprint of the original.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Greene, Ann Norton. Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 2008 xportation</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Greene, Jack P. The Quest For Power: The Lower House of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1963 colonial </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________, ed. Selling a New World: Two Colonial South Carolina Promotional Pamphlets. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press 1989 colonial South</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Gregory, J.W. The Story of the Road, from the Beginning down to the Present Day, 2nd Edition London Alexander McIntosh 1938 xportation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Grubb, Farley Ward. Runaway servants, convicts, and apprentices advertised in the Pennsylvania gazette. Baltimore: Genealogical Publications Coc. 1992.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Guthorn, Peter J. American maps and mapmakers of the Revolution. New York: Phillip Freneau Pr 1966</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hairr, John. North Carolina Rivers: Facts, Legends, and Lore Charleston: History Press 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hakluyt, Richard. Voyages to the Virginia Colonies. London: The Folio Society 1986</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hall, David D. Puritanism in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts. New York: Holt Rinehart 1962</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hall, Michael C., Leder, Lawrence H. and Kammen, Michael G., eds. The Glorious Revolution in America: Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1964</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hamilton, T.M. Colonial Frontier Guns. Lansing: Pioneer Pr c.1928.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hansen, Marcus. The Atlantic Migration : A History of the Continuing Settlement of the United States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1945</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Harrington, J.C. Archaeology and the Enigma of Fort Raleigh. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources 1984</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Harriot, Thomas. A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (an unabridged reproduction of the original 1690 test). New York: Dover Press 1972</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Harris, R.W. A Short History of Eighteenth Century England. New York: Mentor Books 1963</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hatley, Tom. The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Revolutionary Era. New York: Oxford University Press 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hay, Conran A. and Snavely, Alan N. and Scheitlin, Thaomas E. and Bollinger, Catherine E. and Maher, Thomas O. Archaeological Predictive Models: A New Hanover County Test Case. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History. 1982</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hays, Derek. America Discovered: A Historical Atlas of North American Exploration. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre 2004</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Henderson, Archibald. The Conquest of the Old Southwest: The Romantic Story of the Early Pioneers into Virginia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, and Kentucky 1740-1790 New York: The Centry Co 1920</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Herrick, Cheesman Abiah. White servitude in Pennsylvania: indentured and redemption labor in colony and commonwealth. Philadelphia: Clearfield 1926</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Higginbotham, A. Leon, In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process, the Colonial Period. New York: Oxford University Press 1980</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hill, John Sprunt. North Carolina: A story of Triumphant Democracy. An address Delivered at Annual Meeting of Retail Merchants Association, Atlanta, Georgia. Durham(?): John Sprunt Hill (?) c. 1924. Privately printed probably by the author.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hindle, Paul. Medieval Roads and Tracks. Oxford: Midland House 1982, 1989, and 1998.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hobbs, Grimsley T. Exploring The Old Mills of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: The Provincial Press 1985</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Holton, Woody. Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, & the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1999</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hoffman, Paul E. Spain and the Roanoke Voyages. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History 1987</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. A New Andalucia and a Way to the Orient: The American Southeast during the Sixteenth Century. Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press1990</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hofstra, Warren R. The Planting of New Virginia: Settlement and Landscape in the Shenandoah Valley. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 2004</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. and Raitz, Karl, eds. The Great Valley Road of Virginia: Shenandoah Landscapes from Prehistory to the Present. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2010</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Holmes, Oliver W. and Rohrback, Peter T.Stagecoast Eass: Stagecoach Days in the East from the Colonial Period to the Civil War Washingto Smithsonian Institute Press 1983</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Howard, Joshua B. "The Most Abandoned Set OF Wretches": North Carolina's Privateering Efforts During the American Revolution, 1776-1783, A Thesis East Carolina University Department of History 2004</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Howard, Robert West. The Horse in America. Chicago: Follet 1965</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hulbert, Archcer Butler Red Men's Roads:The Indian Toroughfares of the Central WestColumbus Fred J. Heer Company 1900</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. Historic Highways of America Vol 1-16 Cleveland The A.H. Clark Company1902-1905 Ref</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hudgins, Dennis, editor. Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, Volume 4. 1732-1741 Richmond: Virginia Genealogical Society1999</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hudson, Charles. The Southeastern Indians. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Exploration of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568. Washington, DC: Smithsonian 1990</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704. Athens: University of Georgia Press 1994</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hulbert, Archer B. The Paths of Inland Commerce: A Chronical of Trail, Road, and Waterway. Project Gutenberg Chronicales of America series, v. 21 1972</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Humber, John L. Backgrounds and Preparations for the Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590. Raleigh: America’s Four Hundredth Anniversary Committee, North Carolina Department of Cultural REsources 1986</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hume, Ivor Noel. Martin’s Hundred: A firsthand account of one of the most important excavations in American historical archaeology:..... New York: Borzoi Books 1979/1982.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Hyde, Anne F. Empires, Nations, and Families:A New History of the American West, 1800-1860 New York HarperCollins 2012</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Isenbarger, Dennis L. Native Americans in Early North Carolina, A Documentary History. Raleigh: North Carolina Office of archives and History 2013</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Jernegan, Marcus Wilson. Laboring and dependent classes in colonial America, 1607-1783; studies of the economic, educational, and social significance of slaves, servants, apprentices and poor folk. Chicago: Ungar c1931</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Jones, Lewis P. South Carolina., A Synoptic History for Laymen, Revised Edition. Lexington: The Sandlapper Store, Inc 1971</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Joy, Debra, Stine Linda France, and CVlauser John W, Jr. Catawba River Valley Grist Mill Survey Durham: Legacy Research Associates , Inc 2000</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kars, Marjoleine. Breaking Loose Together: The Reulator Rebellion in Pre-Revoluntionary North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Katz, William Loren. Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. New York: Aladdin Paperbacks 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kay, Marvin L Michael and Cary, Louis Lee.Slavery in North Carolina, 1748-1775Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keel, Bennie C. Cherokee Archaeology: A Study of the Appalachian Summit. University of Tennessee Press, 1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keehn, Pauline A. The Effect of Epidemic Diseases on the Natives of North America: An Annotated Bibliography. London: Survival International 1978</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kehoe, Alice B. North American Indians, A comprehensive Account. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall 1981</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Title Where Published Publisher Yar of PubAnnotatationsCatagoies</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kennedy, Billy. The Scots-Irish in the Shenandoah Valley. Londonderry: Causeway Press 1996</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ketchum, Richard M. The Winter Soldiers. Garden City: Anchor Books 1975</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kern, John. "The politics of violence : colonial American rebellions, protests, and riots, 1676-1747," (Thesis (Ph. D.)Madison -University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kierner, Cynthia A. Traders and Gentlefolk : the Livingstons of New York, 1675-1790. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1992</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. Beyond the household : women's place in the early South, 1700-1835. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1998</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Klein, Rachel N. Unification of a Slave State: The Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry, 1760-1808. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1990</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Kulikoff, Alan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1986</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism Charlottesville University of Virginia Press 1992</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2000</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">King, Duane H. ed. The Cherokee Indian Nation: A Troubled History. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press1979</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lathrop, Elise, Early American Inns and Taverns New York, 1926 Tudor Publishing (new edition)1935</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lauber, Almon Wheeler. Indian Slavery in Colonial Times with the Present Limits of the United States. [Reprint] Manchester: Cornerhouse Publications(1913) 1970</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Landers, John. The Field and the Forge: Population, Production, and Power in the Pre-Industrial West. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lawson, John, edited by Francis Latham Harris. Lawson’s History of North Carolina. Richmond: Garret & Massie 1937/1952.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">___________. A New Voyage to Carolina. [Reprint] Naples: Readex Microprint 1966</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">___________, edited by Hugh Talmage Lefler. A New Voyage to Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1967</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Leach, Douglas Edward Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677-1763 Chapel Hill Univeristy of North Carolina Press 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Leaming, Hugo Proosper,edited by Graham Hodges.Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas, Studies in African American History and Culture. New York: Garland 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Leckie, Robert. The Wars of America, Vol I. New York: Harper & Row 1968</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lee, E. Lawrence, Indian Wars in North Carolina, 1663-1763. Raleigh: Tercentenary Commission, 1963; reprinted Raleigh: State Division of Archives and History 1968</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lefler, Hugh T., ed. Orange County, 1752-1952. Printed in Chapel Hill: No copyright 1953</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________ A New Voyage to Carolina Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 1967</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">____________ and Powell, William S.Colonial North Carolina. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1973</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________ and Newsome, Albert Ray. The History of a Southern State: North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1954</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lewis, Marcus, W. The Development ofEarly Emigrant Trails in the Unted States East of the Missippi River. Washington E.C.: National Genealogical Society. 1933/1972</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lefel, James Construction of Mill Dams, and including Bookwalter's Millwright and Mechanic Springfield James Lefel & Co 1881</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Lockridge, Kenneth A. The Commonplace Book of William Byrd II of Westover Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 2014</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mancall, Peter C. and James H. Merrell, eds.American Encounters: Natives and Newcomers from European Contact to Indian Removal, 1500-1850. 2nd Edition. New York: Routledge 2006</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">McCormac, Eugene Irving, White servitude in Maryland, 1634-1820. [Reprint] Whitefish: Kessinger (1904)/2007.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">McKee, Samuel D. Labor in Colonial New York, 1664-1776. New York: I.J. Friedman 1935</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">McIlvenna, Noellen. A Very Mutinous People: The struggle for North Carolina, 1660-1713. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2009</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">McLuhan, T.C. Touch the Earth: A Self-portrait of Indian Existence New York Promontory Press 1971</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">McNeill, William H. The Age of Gunpowder Empires, 1450-1800. Washington: American Historical Association 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Malone, Henry Thomas. Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition. Athens: University of Georgia Press 1956</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mann, Charles C. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Vintage Books 2006</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mathis, Mark A. and Jeffrey J. Crow, eds.The Prehistory of North Carolina: An Archaeological Symposium.Raleigh: Division of Archives and History1983</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">McDowell, Bart. The Revolutionary War. Washington: Washington: The National Geographic Society 1967</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mejoirado-Livingston, Mailyn. Onkwehonoweh(The First Peopole): Tuscarora. Skarohreh Publishing 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Merk, Frederick. History of the Westward Movement. New York: Random House 1978</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Merrrell, James H. The Catawbas. New York: Chelsea House 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_______________. The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact Through the Era of Removal . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________. Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier. New York: W. W. Norton & Company 2000</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________, ed. The Lancaster Treaty with Related Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s 2008</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Meyer, Balthasa Henry and Mcgil, Carroline ElizabethHistory of Transportation in the United Statesbefore 1860 Washington, D.C. Carnegie Institute 1917</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Milleer, Ann Brush Final Report: CulpepperCounty Roiad Orders 1763-1764</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Miller, Helen Hill. Captains from Devon: The Great Elizabethan Seafarers who Won the Oceans for England. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books 1983</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Passage to America: Raleigh’s Colonists Take Ship for Roanoke. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources 1984</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Colonel Parke of Virginia: The Greatest Hector in the Town. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Press 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Miller, John C. The Colonial Image: Origins of American Culture. New York: George Braziller Inc 1962</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Miller, Lee. Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony. New York: Penguin Books, Reprint edition2002</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Milner, George R., "Epidemic Disease in the the Post Contact Southeast: A Reappraisal," Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, V (1980) 39-56.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mills, L. Barron, Jr. Randolph County, A Brief History. Office of Archives and History, North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Raleigh, NC (2008).</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Milton, Giles. Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2000)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mitchell, Robert D. Appalachian Frontiers: Settlement, Society, & Development in the Preindustrial Era, (Lexington, 1991).</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Title Where Published Publisher Yar of PubAnnotatationsCatagoies _______________, Commercialism and Frontier: Perspectives on the Early Shenandoah Valley (Charlottesville, VA, 1977).</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mofat, Alistair. The Reivers:The Story of the Border Reivers. Edinburgh: Birlinn 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Moller, George, Ed. American Military Shoulder Arms, Vol I, Colonial and Revolutionary War Arms. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press 2011</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Mooney, James. James Mooney's History, Myths and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees, Containing the full texts of Myths of the Cherokees (1900) and The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees (1891) as published by the Bureau of American Ethnology. With a new biographical introduction, James Mooney and the Eastern Cherokees by George Ellison. Asheville: Bright Mountain Books 1992</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Moote, A. Lloyd. The Seventeenth Century, Europe in Ferment. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co 1970</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Montross, Lynn The Reluctant Rebels: The Story of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers1950</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company; Reissue edition ( (1975) 2003</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Morgan, Ted. Wilderness at Dawn: The settling of the North American ContinentNew York: Simon & Schuster. 1993</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake & Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1998</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Morgan, Robert. Boone, A Biography. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Morgan, Ted. Wilderness at Dawn: The Settling of the American Continent.New York: Simon & Schuster; Reprint edition 1994</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Morison, Samuel Elliot. The European Discovery of America. New York: Oxford University Press 1971</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nash, Gary B. Red, White, and Black: The Peoples of Early America. New York: Pearson; 7 edition (1974) 2014</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nell, William C The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (reprint) 1955/2010</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Neill, Edward D. Virginia Carolorum: The Colony under the Rule of Charles the First and Second, 1625-1685, Based Upon Manuscripts and Documents of the Period. Berwyn Heights: Heritage Books Inc 1996 facsimile reprint of the original 1895 edition.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nelson, Lee H. Nail Chronology as an aid to dating old buildings Nashville American Association for State and Local history 1968</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Newlin, Algie L. The Battle of Lindley's Mill Burlington Alamance Historical Society 1975</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Newsome, Albert Ray and Lefler, Hugh Talmage. The Growth of North Carolina. New York: World Book Company 1947</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Northwest Territory Celebration CommisdsionHistory of the Ordinance of 1787 and the Old Northw3sst Territory. Marietta: Northwest Territory Celebration Commission. 1937</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Nugent, Nell M., editor. Cavaliers and Pioneers, Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, Vol I-III. Richmond: Library of Virginia c. 1973</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">O'Donnell, James H. Southeastern frontiers : Europeans, Africans, and American Indians, 1513-1840 : a critical bibliography Bloomington Indiana University Press 1982 Ref</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">O'Donnell, John H. III. The Cherokees of North Carolina in the American Revolution.Raleigh: Division of Archives and History1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontier, 1607-1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South. New York: Praeger 1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Paredes, J. Anthony Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th CenturyTuscaloosa University of Alabama Press</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Parkman, Francis, Jr. The Oregon Trail New York: Caxton House, Inc 1944</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Parrington, Vernn L. The Colonial Mind, 1620-1800 New York: Harcourt, Brace & World 1927</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Pawlett, Nathaniel Mason. A Brief History of the Roads of Viginia, 1607-1840 Charlottesville: Virginia Transportation Research Council 1977</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. Brunswick County Road Orders, 1732-1746. Charlottesville: Virginia Transportation Research Council 1988</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Perdue, Theda. Native Carolinians: The Indians of North Carolina. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History1985</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. Slavery and the Evolution of Cherokee Society, 1540-1866. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,1979</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Perry, J.H. The Discovery of the Sea. Berkeley: University of California Press (1974/1978)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Person County Historical Society. The Heritage of Person County, 1981. Roxboro: Person County Historical Society 1981</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Petersen, William J. Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi New York: DoverPublications 1968</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Phillips, Kevin. The Cousin’s War: Religion, Politics, & the Triumph of Anglo-America. New York: Basic Books 1999</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Powell, William S. North Carolina: The WPA Guide to the Old North State. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press (1939)</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________, ed. Ye Countie of Albemarle in Carolina: A collection of Documents, 1664-1675. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Archives and History. 1958</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. The Proprietors of Carolina. Raleigh: The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission 1963</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. The North Carolina Gazetteer,:A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places, 1st Edition Chapel Hill: Universiity of North Carolina Press 1968 The Gazeteer is now in its 5th Edition [2010] but for historical work editions prior to 1978 are preferred as in that year the state removed all offensive place names.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> __________. When the Past Refused to Die: A History f Caswell County North VCarolina, 1777-1977. Yanceyville: Caswell County Historical Society. 1977</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Quinn, David B. and Alison M. Quinn. The First Colonists: Documents on the Planting of the First English Settlements in North America, 1584-1590. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Archives and History 1982</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Quinn, David B. Set Fair for Roanoke: Voyages and Colonies, 1584-1606 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Quinn, David B., ed. The Roanoke Voyages, 1584-1590, Vol II. New York: Dover 1991</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ramenofsky, Ann F. Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1987</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ramsey, Robert W. Carolina Cradle: Settlement of the Northwest Carolina Frontier, 1747-1762. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1964</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rankin, Hugh F. North Carolina in the American Revolution Raleigh: Divsion of Archives and History.. 1959</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. Albemarle, The Story of Culpeper’s Rebellion, 1675-1689. Raleigh: Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission 1962</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ray, Clarence George. A study of the indentured servant in the colonial era from a human capital viewpoint. Columbia: 1972</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Reid, John Phillip A Better Kind of Hatchet: Law, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Cherokee Nation during the Early Years of European Contact. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University1976</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina The Historic Occaneechi : an archaeological investigation of culture change : final report of 1985 investigations. Chapel Hill: Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina 1986</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">____________, The Siouan Project : seasons I and II. Chapel Hill: Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina 1988</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">____________, Indian communities on the North Carolina Piedmont, A.D. 1000 to 1700. Chapel Hill: Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University of North Carolina 1993</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Resendez, Andres The other slav ery:The uncovered story of Indian enslavement in Amewrica. Boston Houghhton Mifflin Harcourt 20`6</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rhys, Issac. The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790. Chapel Hill:</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Omohundro Instituteand the University of North Carolina Press 1982</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Title Where Published Publisher Yar of PubAnnotatationsCatagoies Rights, Douglas, The American Indian in North Carolina, 2nd ed., Winston-Salem: Wacovia Historical Society 1958 2nd printing 1988.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Roberts, Kenneth. Rabble in Arms. New York: Doubleday 1947</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Robinson, Blackwell P. The Five Royal Governors of North Carolina, 1729-1775. Raleigh: The Carolina Charter Tercentenary Commission 1963</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rogers, J. Daniel and Smith Bruce D., eds. Mississippian Communities and Households. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rountree, Helen. The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press1989</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">____________, Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1990/1996</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rouse, A.L. The England of Elizabeth: An encyclopedic survey of the socio-economic,, political, and cultural structure of one of the great societies of all time. New York: Collier Books 1950</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rouse, Parke, Jr., The Great Wagon Road from Philadelphia to the South, 1St Edition. Richmond: Dietz Pr 1992</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rowen, Herbert H., General Editor. The Eighteenth Century, 1715-1815. New York and Toronto: Free Press 1965</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rowe, Nellie M. Discovering North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1940</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Russell, Carl P. Firearms, Traps, & Tools of the Mountain Men. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1967/1977</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. New York: Knopf 1990</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Salley, Alexander S., Jr., Ed. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708. Boiston: Adamant Media Corporation 2001 [ 1911/1967]</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sanders, Charles Richard. The Cameron Plantation in Central North carolina (1776-1973) and its Founder Richard Bnennehan. Durham: Charles Richard Sanders. 1974</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Schneider, Dorothy and Schneider, Carl J."Enslavement of American Indians by Whites", a chapter in Slavery in America New York Facts on File 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Shields, E. Thomson and Erven, Charles R., eds. Searching for the Roanoke Colonies: An Interdisciplinary Collection. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History 2003</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Shea, William L, The Virginia Militia in the Seventeenth Century. Baton Rouge Louisiana State Univ Pr 1983</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheafer, P.W. Historical Maps of Pennsylvania:.....</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sheehan, Bernard W., Savagism and Civility: Indians and Englishmen in Colonial Virginia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Shirley, John W. Sir Walter Raleigh and the New World. Raleigh: North Carolina Division of Archives and History 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Simmons, Furnifold McLendel "Government Aid for Improvement and maintenance of Postal Roads" Washington, D.C Government Printing Office 1911 Fiday, June 23, 1911</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Silver, Timothy. A new face on the countryside : Indians and colonists in the Southeastern forest. c1985. Thesis (Ph. D.)--College of William and Mary, 1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990 c1985. Thesis (Ph. D.)--College of William and Mary, 1985.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Slaughter, Thomas P. The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Prewss 1986</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. The natures of John and William Bartram: Two Pioneering Naturalists, Father and Son, in the Wilderness of Eighteenth Century America. New York: Vintage Books 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sloane, Eric. Our Vanishing Landscape. New York: Ballantine 1955</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Eric Sloane's Amerca New York: Promontory Press 1982</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Smith, Allison. Colonists in bondage; white servitude and convict labor in America, 1607-1776, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1947</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Smith, James Morton, ed. Seventeenth-Century America: Essays in Colonial History New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 1959</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Smith, John. The Adventures and Discourses of Captain John Smith, President of Virginia, Admiral of New England. New York: Caffell ?</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Smith, Marvin T., Archaeology of Aboriginal Culture Change in the Interior Southeast: Depopulation during the Early Historic Period. Gainesville: University Press of Florida 1987</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Smith, Warren B. White servitude in colonial South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press 1961</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Snapp, J. Russell. John Stuart and the Struggle for Empire on the Southern Frontier. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1996</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Snyder,Christina Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America Cambridfe Harvard University Press 2010</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stanard, Mary Newton The Story of Virginia’s First Century, with Bibliography, Reprint. Dexter: Thompson-Shore 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sterling, James. An epistle to the Hon. Arthur Dobbs, Esq.in Europe. From a clergyman in America… Farmington Hills: Gale ECCO 2010 Reproduced from an original in the British Library. </span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press 1994</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Steele, Rollin M., Jr. The Lost Battle of the Alamance, Also Known as the Battle of Clap's Mill Alamance County: Rollin M. Steele, Jr 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stember, Sol. The Bicentennial Guide to the American Revolution, Vol. III, The War in the South From Savannah to Yorktown: The Best Most Comprehensive Touring Guide to Revolutionary War Sites. New York: E.P. Dutton 1974</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stephenson, Richard W., and McKee, Marianne, eds. Virginia in Maps:Four Centuries of Settlement, growth, and Development. Richmond: The Library of Virginia 2000</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stick, David. Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1983</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Stimpson, R. Kyle. The Great Philadelphia Wagon Road in Forsyth County, N.C.,, 1750-1770 Lewisville: R. Kyle Stimpson 1999</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Strachey, William. The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania, 1612. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund. London: The Hakluyt Society 1953</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Steponaitis, Vincent P., et.al. editors.Stone Quarries and Sourcing in the Carolina Slate Belt, Research Report No. 25 Chapel Hill: Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sturt, George The Wheelwright's Shoip Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1923</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sugden, John. Tecumseh, A Life. New York: Henry Holt and Co 1997</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Sweeney, J. Gray. The Columbus of the Woods: Daniel Boone and the Typology of Manifest Destiny. St. Louis: Washington University Gallery of Art. 1992</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Syson, Leslie British Water Mills London B.T. Batsford LTD 1965</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Teague, Robbie T. Cane Creek, Mother of Meetings. Greensboro: North Carolina Yearly Meeting of Friends 1995</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Timberlake, Lt. Henry, King, Duane H. ed.The Memoirs of Lt5. Henry Timberlake: The Story f a Soldier, adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokee, 1765-1765 Dherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Press. 2007</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tolles, Frederick B. Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682-1763. New York: Norton 1948</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thompson, Roy. Before Liberty: Their World Made the North Carolinians DifferentLexington Green Printing co 1977</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thornton, Russell. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History since 1492. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press1990</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Towner, Lawrence W. A good master well served : masters and servants in colonial Massachusetts, 1620-1750. New York: ? 1980</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Trimble, Stanley Wayne. Man-Induced Soil Erosion on the Southern Piedmont, 1700-1970 Soil Conservatiopn Society of America 1974/1978</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author Title Where Published Publisher Yar of PubAnnotatationsCatagoies Troxler, Carole Watterson Pyle's Defeat: Deception at the Racepath. Alamance County: Carole Watterson Troxler 2003</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. Farming Dissenters: The Regulator Movement in Piedmont North Carolina. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources 2011</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Turner, Frederick Beyond Geography: Theh Western Spirit Aganist the Wilderness.New York: Viking Press, 1980</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Utley, Robert M. & Washburn, Wilcomb E. Indian Wars. Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1977</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Van Doren, Mark, ed. Travels of William Bartram. New York: Dover Publications 1928</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wallace, Paul A. W., Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Penn State Press 1965</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Walter, John Wayland, PhD "The German Element of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia" (Harrisonburg, VA: 1978). Harrisonburg, VA John Wayland Walter 1978 PhD Dissertation, University of Virginia</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ward, Colin. Cotters and Squatters: Housing’s Hidden History. Nottingham: Five Leaves 2002</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Ward, H. Trawick, & Davis, R.P. Stephen, Jr., Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1999</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">____________, Indian communities on the North Carolina Piedmont, A.D. 1000 to 1700. Chapel Hill: Research Laboratories of Anthropology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1993</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Watkins, Daniel. New World Burning: Nathaniel Bacon’s W@ar, Virginia 1676. San Francisco: Two Mountain Publishing 2005</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Watson, Alan D. Money and Monetary Problems in Early North Carolina. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History 1980</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Perquimans County, A Brief History. Raleigh: Division of Archives and History1987</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">_____________. Society in Colonial North Carolina. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Archives and History 1996</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Watson, J. Margaret and Harry Legare WatsonGreenwood County Sketches: Old Roads and Early Families Greenwood, SC Attic Press, Inc 1970 colonial xportation</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Webb, Stephen Saunders. 1676: The END of American Independence. Syracuse Knopf 1995</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wedgewood, C.V. Velvet Studies. London: Jonathan Cape 1946/1948</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Weeks, Stephen B. Southern Quakers and Slavery: A Study in Institutional History.Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1896).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wells, Peter. The American War of Independence. New York: Fung & Wagnalls 1967</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">White, Lynn, Jr. Medieval Technology and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press 1962</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Willcox, William B. The Age of Aristocracy, 1688-1830. Boston: Heath and Company 1966</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Williams, Glydwr. The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century overseas rivalry discovery and exploitation. New York: Walker and Co 1967</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Williams, Samuel Cole, ed. Adair’s History of the American Indians. New York: Promontory Press 1930</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Whiitaker, Beverly</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WitherspoonH.K. ed. Firfth Biennial Report of the State Highway Commission of North Carolihna 1923-1924. Raleigh: Bynam Printing Co, State Printers 1924</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion. New York: W. W. Norton & Company; 1974 Reissue edition (April 17, 1996</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. Indian Servitude in the Southeast Washington Smithsonian Institution 1988 A Chapter in Volume 4 of History of Indian-White Relations, Wilcomb E. Washburn, Volume Editor</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. Powhatan's Mantle:Indians in the Colonial Southeast. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1989</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">__________. "When the Roll is Called Up Yonder4": Black History in Hillsborough, North Carolina. Hillsborough: Peter Wood 2005</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Woodward, Grace Steele The Cherokees. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press1963</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright, J. Leitch , Jr The Only Land They knew: The Tragic Story of the American Indians in the Old South. New York The Free Press 1981</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright, Louis B. The Cultural Life of the American Colonies, 1607-1763. New York: Harper Torchbooks 1952</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright, Richardson. Hawkers &Walkers in Early America: Strolling Peddlers, Preachers, Lawyers, Doctors,Players, and Others, From the Beginning to the Civil War. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company 1927</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Young, Jeffrey Robert Domestic Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670-1837 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press 1999</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Youings, Joyce. Raleigh’s Country: The South West of England in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Raleigh: North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources 1986</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright, J. Leitch. The Only Land They Knew: The Tragic Story of the American Indians in the Old South. New York: The Free Press 1981</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wright, Louis B. Gold, Glory and the Gospel: The Adventures Lives and Times of the Renaissance Explorers. New York: Atheneum 1970</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-86378158838275967922019-10-22T16:38:00.001-04:002020-07-05T11:16:51.934-04:00A Short Bibliography of Books Related to the Albemarle Settlement<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;">
A Short Bibliography of Books Related to the Albemarle Settlement</h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abernethy, Thomas Perkins, Three Virginia Frontiers, (Louisiana, 1940). The Walter Lynwood Fleming Lectures in Southern History.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ashe, Samuel A'Court (1908). History of North Carolina: From 1584 to 1783, Vol. I, p. 684. Greensboro, N.C.: Charles L. Van Noppen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Billings, Warren M., </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Papers of Sir William Berkeley, 1605-1677. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Richmond, Library of Virginia,</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2007.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Boykin, James Handy, "Genesis of Early Carolina” (Thesis (Ed. D.) Leed University), 1969.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Briceland, Alan Vance. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Westward From Virginia: The Exploration of the Virginia-Carolina Frontier, 1650-1710.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Chancellorsville: University Press of Virginia, 1987.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Corbitt, David Leroy, Explorations, Descriptions, and Attempted Settlements of Carolina, 1584-1590 (Raleigh, 1948).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cumming, W.P, "The Earliest Permanent Settlement in Carolina: Nathaniel Batts and the Comberford Map," American Historical Review 45 (1939-40):82-89.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ethridge, Robbie and Hudson, Charles. </span><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">The </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transformation</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of the Southeastern Indians, 1540-1760. </span></span></i><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jackson, University Press of Mississippi, 2002.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Leaming, Hugo Prosper, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, Studies in African American History and Culture, edited by Graham Hodges, (NY, 1995)</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">McIlvenna, Noleen, </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A Very Mutinous People: the struggle for North Carolina, 1660-1713.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Chapel Hill, UNC Press, 2017. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Salley, Alexander S., Jr, Ed. </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> NY: Barnes and Noble, 1939.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-18188911141613360702019-06-13T15:53:00.002-04:002021-10-24T18:14:35.731-04:00Trading Path Mapping<div style="text-align: center;">
Trading Path Mapping: What we're working on these days</div>
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June 2019</div>
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We are working on our opus, tentatively titled <i>Finding Ways....</i> It will consist of a narrative chapter or two on how, where, and why to find old roads. There'll be a chapter on the general subject of evolved commercial routes in the southeast and, then, there will be six to eight route tours intended to guide the curious to visible remnants of the old routes. So far we have a fair handle on "The Carolina Trail," "The Occaneechi Trail", "The Great Wagon Road," "Thigpen's Trace (AKA "The Trading Path to the Catawba," shown on the Moseley Map of 1733. Just to make it fun we will include chapters on Governor Tryon's movements during the War of the Regulation, and the routes of the "The Race to the Dan." If there is time and energy enough we would like to include a tour of the routes used to penetrate the Albemarle District, North Carolina's first permanent settlement, and "Green's Path," a route from the Chowan-Albemarle region down to Cross Creek. </div>
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If you have some particular commercial route that holds your interest and that is likely to yet have visible remnants let us know.</div>
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trm</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-18819958515775626522018-06-21T10:07:00.003-04:002021-10-24T18:17:54.674-04:00What were high ways in pre-modern times?<div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">
Highways Defined and How They Morph</span></b></div>
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In the 1790s the US Postal Service published standards to be met to qualify to be a postal coach stop. Among the first was a requirement that your establishment must be situated on 'an all season, all weather road.' By this, I believe they meant on a high road or high way. So what did that mean? What was a high road or a high way? In short, I believe it meant a road that passed streams high in their course where a passage was seldom if ever obstructed by flood and hewed as close as possible to ridge tops.<br />
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Highways probably shifted over time as transportation modes and road technology changed. For example, as draft animals grew ever larger in the 19th century so too did payloads. The increased weight tore up dirt roads so counties imposed tire dimension minimums; the heavier the cargo the wider their iron tires needed to be. And the greater the cargo weight the more restricted will be the options for fording streams; hence a route change.<br />
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As an example of a high impact road technology change, culverts will serve. Until the arrival of corrugated steel piping and half-piping culverts were made like mini bridges, wooden planks laid down over stacked rock piers. Like bridges, in the Southeast of the US, they rotted and needed to be rebuilt about every seven years if they didn't wash away in the meantime. The "Nissen hut" made such bridging obsolete.<br />
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During World War I a British officer named Nissen devised a portable easy to erect structure using a corrugated steel half pipe. It didn't take troops long to figure out that sinking a Nissen hut it in a trench and covering it with dirt or sandbags would shelter you from more than rain. Wartime demands increase production so that after the war there was a considerable excess of halfpipe around and it came to be a staple farm building in most of the British Empire.<br />
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Americans picked up on the value of corrugated steel during the war and it didn't take long before corrugated steel pipes and half-pipes replaced wood and stone culverts. The low cost and excellent use-life allowed culverting in places where it was previously impractical, especially along the base of a ridgeline. Ridge roads quickly slipped from ridge tops down to the ridge bases after World War I; hence routes changed.<br />
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Oh, and the Nissen hut was rebranded for American consumption as the ubiquitous Quonset hut in recognition of the site where they were built at Quonset Point in Rhode Island.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-20914478682279931802018-06-07T11:47:00.001-04:002021-10-24T18:19:36.697-04:00Slaving Native Americans: Recommended reading<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Disgrace</span></div>
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One way of dealing with disgrace is to pretend it didn't happen, another is to create a false narrative that exonerates the disgraced for what happened in the first place. When considering our Native American populations Americans tend to do both. To our credit, we are conscionable enough to feel disgraced and rightly so as we have throughout our history treated our Native brethren as "other," thus of little or no consequence to our story. Lately, a flood of books has arrived to prevent us from forgetting our past and allow us to revise our narrative to more closely approximate historical facts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">A Seldom Noted Fact</span></div>
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The bare fact is that much, perhaps most, of the reduction in Native American populations after the European invasion of the Western Hemisphere can be directly and indirectly attributed to slaving the Native population.</span></div>
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Our traditional narrative asserts that quite by accident, Europeans introduces diseases against which native peoples had no natural immunity. That is true, and that horror story is well told by Lil Fenn in <i>Pox Americana: the Great Smallpox epidemic of 1775-1778</i> (1999), and others. But 1775 is rather late in the game of conquest. In the early years of conquest, <i>just war</i> theory conveniently allowed conquerors to enslave and sell native captives. For example, we are all aware that the Moore cousins and John Barnwell, the mercenaries hired by North Carolina to remove the Tuscarora from the path of progress took their pay in captives, as did their mainly Siouxan "native levies." </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">This subject's Time Has Come</span></div>
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What we generally haven't recognized is that this was a general practice from the Gulf of Mexico to the northernmost outposts of empire. By one account, in the 17th century, 10,000 per year were shipped out of Mobile alone into the Sugar Islands of the Carribean where they were sometimes swapped for Africans. Though Europeans left this out of their narrative until recently, Native Americans never forgot, and the internet has allowed them to promulgate their truth in, for example:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.indigenous-americans.com/native-american-slavery"><span style="font-size: medium;">http://www.indigenous-americans.com/native-american-slavery</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/6-shocking-facts-about-slavery-natives-and-african-americans/"><span style="font-size: medium;">https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/6-shocking-facts-about-slavery-natives-and-african-americans/</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div><span style="font-size: medium;">
This sort of <i>ad hoc</i> reporting may have stimulated some professional scholars to take a closer look, such as:</span></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/02/enslavement" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/02/enslavement</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/an-ancestry-of-african-native-americans-7986049/"><span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/an-ancestry-of-african-native-americans-7986049/</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div><span style="font-size: medium;">
Whatever the reason, scholars now have the bit firmly in their teeth and we have a growing number of titles on the subject. Here without comment in no particular order is a summer reading list rooted in an email from Peter Wood received some weeks ago:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-3a1f6566-dad9-16d8-67a7-728912bfde17"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Reséndez, Andrés (2016). <i>The other slavery: The uncovered story of Indian enslavement in America. </i>Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</span></span>(2016)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-a6671d6e-dadb-9ba2-bd04-c309ba8641f7"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span>Gallay, Alan (2009). <i>Indian Slavery in Colonial America. </i>Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-c40e3b52-dadc-1d77-45dc-225fb28d7a7a"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><span>Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2007). "Enslavement of American Indians by Whites". <i>Slavery in America, American Experience</i>. New York: Facts On File.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span>Lauber, Almon Wheeler (1913). Reséndez, Andrés (2016). <i>The other slavery: The uncovered story of Indian enslavement in America.</i> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</span></li>
<li><span><span id="docs-internal-guid-76f62ed9-dadf-22b3-18ed-99130eed2737"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Snyder, Christina.<i> Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America. </i>Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2010.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Daniel H. Usner Jr.</span><i>Indians, Settlers, and Slaves in a Frontier Exchange Economy: The Lower Mississippi Valley Before 1783</i> (Published by the Omohundro Institute of Early American ... and the University of North Carolina Press)Jan 1, 2014<span style="font-family: "arial"; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span>David La Vere. <i>The Tuscarora War: Indians, Settlers, and the Fight for the Carolina Colonies. </i>Chapel Hill:UNC Press Oct 21, 2013</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span>Bon Appetit</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>trm</b></span><br /><br /></div></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-3817954170576210122015-12-28T14:34:00.003-05:002021-10-24T18:30:55.794-04:00Our oldest wagon roads frequently lay atop Native American trails.<h2>
'Tis the Season to be out in the woods; visibility good and bugs attenuated.</h2>
The solstice is over, we are on the way to garden flowers erupting in the middle of nowhere season. Owing to climate change, that season creeps further up into what we used to call "winter". We'll start looking for daffodils in January this year. Last year it was in February\, and the year before that April. We remember when it was an April-May event.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<h3>
Recent finds:</h3>
<div>
Just a week of so ago a friend of the Trading Path Association called to say he thought he'd seen some old, old bridge abutments near his home. We went for a walk in the woods and, sure enough, he'd found a bridge abutment and it was very old. [A bit more on dating hypotheses below] Then we followed the old road course over a little hogback, and down at the bottom of the hogback, on another little creek was another very old bridge.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Near by the old roadbed we spotted what appeared to be a "trail tree", a tree intentionally distorted by being tied down while young. They frequently have a limb growing out of their upper curve which, so it is said, point the direction of a turn in the trail. When I became agitated about the tree my host said, "Oh, hey, I have two more of them on my land."</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
It was a very good day, indeed.</div>
<h4>
Bridge design and location: </h4>
<div>
The bridges were located in an odd place, along the edge of bottom land formed by a larger creek. This is a rare circumstance at any time as the soils tend to be boggy and the young streams meander all over the place. From this I deduce that this was a first generation road. Road builders are generally lazy folks who minimized their enforced labor. If a route already existed they would, unless directed to do otherwise, incorporate it in their route.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We have seen enough old horse trails overlain with wagon roads to know that this process probably started with beaten paths suitable for hiking but challenging even for a horse. When horses replaced native porters carrying cargo into and out of the "backcountry" old footpaths were widened, had brush along their way cut out of the way, like modern off-road horse paths. So it requires no great stretch to surmise that this old wagon road laid down atop an existing pack horse road, and (given the presence of the trail marker pointing the line) it seems likely that pack horsemen simply took over a native path. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Unfortunately or fortunately depending on your perspective the route was utterly unsuited for cargo wagon traffic, a prerequisite to becoming a 'public road', a road built and maintained by the county court. Along the line chosen for this road the bridges would always be at risk of washout and, no matter how well built a causeway may be, they were expensive and avoided whenever possible. Each of the two bridges observed had causeways approaching their river-left, facing a simple stacked stone wall/abutment on river-right. By the looks of the bottoms around each bridge it seemed the wooden portions would be subject to floating away with some regularity.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfOT-tMarCWvIZDf5fIt9zac0ThD0gn8wnZjwgFJ1fWElCrtbVzDWgKCOwD1fh8OrrYraowp9Ee4tL_C41Mdn3wc4_6o0fOVGi809N4w8T-9sIZ3wSTK97hQgJ7E4Lmq87K9En_4zYEQ/s1600/20151215_130735.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZfOT-tMarCWvIZDf5fIt9zac0ThD0gn8wnZjwgFJ1fWElCrtbVzDWgKCOwD1fh8OrrYraowp9Ee4tL_C41Mdn3wc4_6o0fOVGi809N4w8T-9sIZ3wSTK97hQgJ7E4Lmq87K9En_4zYEQ/s640/20151215_130735.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Very old bridge abutment !a Orange County, NC, Stoney/<br />
Stones Creek viewed from East, river-left bank</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5AwHw2sBLKhfF9V6p-L6kI7ycuF3bX9PPzpYQyrrRt_NVTI_j8zl1E1dxk9pogk0cefGL4uhKxNDJuNh9h_rfDN-o9pf4CB-T_wu3SSl0e3OKQas0AbjNgzq1BxiyR_koYoRw1wDqyWA/s1600/20151215_130807.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5AwHw2sBLKhfF9V6p-L6kI7ycuF3bX9PPzpYQyrrRt_NVTI_j8zl1E1dxk9pogk0cefGL4uhKxNDJuNh9h_rfDN-o9pf4CB-T_wu3SSl0e3OKQas0AbjNgzq1BxiyR_koYoRw1wDqyWA/s640/20151215_130807.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">East (river-left)bank causeway abutment 1b viewed from west bank</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The long and the short of it is that we believe this to be a first generation public road that was abandoned as soon as taxing authorities realized they were wasting valuable taxes on a bad road.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT2f38PkXRXpzEwim9SLR9DeFct7lUviuJKEvQ9iTHECJ3lxb00CujcmodobTn0nKSd5otx0pAWA8ad8g2Hm6hE5Fg93Zz9UiCrhd71sgiCYBJk_z4Jil0CLJnK_HfPIYeG8mMWMR9o2E/s1600/20151215_131942.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT2f38PkXRXpzEwim9SLR9DeFct7lUviuJKEvQ9iTHECJ3lxb00CujcmodobTn0nKSd5otx0pAWA8ad8g2Hm6hE5Fg93Zz9UiCrhd71sgiCYBJk_z4Jil0CLJnK_HfPIYeG8mMWMR9o2E/s640/20151215_131942.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Very old bridge abutment 2 and causeway viewed from east, along causeway.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga5QcAyROQinpeQn4_hvUfoGVcc7LOPEg0jHDynwC1s1xYzLScKZDqdE4bneKc9RQbhfJ0ufW8fpOKOhyphenhyphen7UN_TiEU4uU6qALngr5aUaduHkSL3r7AJwyKsQrhh1DFu3xV6i0tjT_hCeM0/s1600/20151215_132031.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga5QcAyROQinpeQn4_hvUfoGVcc7LOPEg0jHDynwC1s1xYzLScKZDqdE4bneKc9RQbhfJ0ufW8fpOKOhyphenhyphen7UN_TiEU4uU6qALngr5aUaduHkSL3r7AJwyKsQrhh1DFu3xV6i0tjT_hCeM0/s320/20151215_132031.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another attempt to capture causeway at bridge 2</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
These bridges inspire a degree of envy. The jack-leg bridge builders have a monument speaking to us more than 250 years later. Show me a structure in your neighborhood with that potential and I'll honor the forethought.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
We will return to these gems in the next month to more accurately record them. More later.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<h4>
Trail marker trees/Trail threes</h4>
<div>
Along the course of the old road marked by bridges we saw a trail tree. The creators of the trail tree that we found speak to us across a time-span even greater than did the bridge builders. There is no record known to say when trail trees ceased to be used as blazing. There is not enough known about them to even know what information they contained for the informed who, unlike us, had a vested interest in gleaning as much information as possible from each structure and therefore undoubtedly saw more than we can know. Suffice that the study of these artifacts is yet to begin.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr_HsHLDC9H8y9ybC5XLlv3oA5g2BwX-BFHPVj6CCmwWaQna7-lt5_xBm1BIQG3cOVBy4ibtWXu1974aTQQHUBJ9P2kSLwezzMzoLL0pPwDD8vFkZCvxEzOCxMAHpR4FMbDdzSbgc8pwQ/s1600/20151215_133553.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr_HsHLDC9H8y9ybC5XLlv3oA5g2BwX-BFHPVj6CCmwWaQna7-lt5_xBm1BIQG3cOVBy4ibtWXu1974aTQQHUBJ9P2kSLwezzMzoLL0pPwDD8vFkZCvxEzOCxMAHpR4FMbDdzSbgc8pwQ/s640/20151215_133553.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Trail marker tree 3 (?) so it seems. It was found within 20 yards of the wagon road associated with the bridges</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
There are a few regional organizations laboring to find and record their trail trees (<a href="http://www.txhtc.org/" target="_blank">in Texas</a>, <a href="http://www.greatlakestrailtreesociety.org/trail_tree_about.html" target="_blank">around the Great Lakes</a> and <a href="http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/04/05/trees-bent-american-indians-being-identified-and-preserved-106631" target="_blank">elsewhere</a>) and there is <a href="http://www.mountainstewards.org/project/internal_index.html" target="_blank">one national database</a>. So as to promote the widest possible inclusion and because the full parameter set for a trail tree is yet to be defined, some mud got into the stream of time (the database(s) contain some sketchy trees). But it is not fatal, scholars will sort it out in time.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile we will register the first two or three trail trees east of the mountains in NC. It is likely that the NC State Archaeologist will have on hand plenty of environmental impact research reports some of which will undoubtedly note trail trees. Some bright, young grad student might enjoy harvesting those artifacts on the land. <br />
<br />
I bet that if enough of us stormed into the woods after killing season and before tick season we can find twenty-five more trail markers this year.<br />
<br />
trm<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-74611103636519013742013-03-01T12:11:00.002-05:002013-03-01T12:11:51.205-05:00<h2 class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b>Some notes on the Battle at Weitzel's Mill</b></h2>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Weitzel’s Mill, March 6<sup>th</sup>,
1781</span></b></h2>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A
few days after The Battle at Clapp’s Mill Cornwallis, determined to bring
Greene to battle, launched his own light forces northward to cut Greene’s line
of retreat to Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Greene gave him
the chance to do so by maneuvering too far west along Buffalo Creek, his
moat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Greene’s light troops were camped
a few miles north of Clapp’s Mill, along Buffalo Road, on Great Alamance Creek,
Cornwallis’ moat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were all that
stood between the overextended Greene and his main line of maneuver.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">On
March 6<sup>th</sup>, very early as was his style, Tarleton, leading a flying
column of Cornwallis light forces, marched on the Americans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alert pickets picked up the British movement and
warned Otho Williams and Henry Lee of the approaching enemy and Williams
ordered a retreat to Reedy fork, about ten miles to the north.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ford at Weitzel’s Mill on Reedy Fork was
the only defensible ground between the British and the American line of
retreat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The race was on.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
race to Weitzel’s must have been something to see.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contemporaries said that at times the armies,
marching on parallel tracks, overlapped and could see one another doing
so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Americans, though, pulled away
and reached Weitzel’s some minutes ahead of the British. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwFuhcLoYyJV2IjmJBHRxuwPHz0RpGhB6l-PKvlGsCXhTOkNGqArrO0pGWxOVe1cAubsI3DKDmw_34AT_Ax6O34mzsYq-TQF0-ScawajuM-EswMAM9H-HpiCWLwE0_TMzhBswikdXLpc/s1600/Clapp-Weitzel+line.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwwFuhcLoYyJV2IjmJBHRxuwPHz0RpGhB6l-PKvlGsCXhTOkNGqArrO0pGWxOVe1cAubsI3DKDmw_34AT_Ax6O34mzsYq-TQF0-ScawajuM-EswMAM9H-HpiCWLwE0_TMzhBswikdXLpc/s1600/Clapp-Weitzel+line.jpg" height="320" width="87" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The drawn line from Clapp's to Weitzel's is just over seven miles long. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">At
Weitzels the Americans occupied and fortified the mill that covered one ford
and a nearby schoolhouse that overlooked the main ford above the mill pond.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pickens Militia formed on the road atop the
bluff on the south side of Reedy Fork to oppose and delay the British advance
to the fords.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5184283179833492428#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pickens South Carolina militia suffered forty
percent casualties successfully screening the Continentals’ retreat over the
ford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee and Howard had used them
thusly before and after this bloodying they vowed never again fought for
Greene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pickens sought permission from
Greene to retire with his troops as a means of keeping the disgruntled militiamen
under control as they made their way home with no commissary.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Safely
across Reedy Fork, Williams formed his Continentals in an open field downstream
from the Mill, and Lee took his horse to a hilltop overlooking the mill site
where he could also provide some protection for a fortified schoolhouse north
of the mil pond.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tarleton’s
regulars, equipped with two “grasshopper” cannon, having pushed past Pickens’
militia, formed up on the heights above the mill on the south side of the creek
and then they <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>filed down the road to the
mill ford determined to force a crossing .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">This initial
movement proved problematic as the mill was indeed a fort, the ford was indeed
an obstacle, and the ford approach road was a deeply cut death trap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After failing to force the ford, the British
regrouped and took stock of their terrain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">They found
that there were, in fact, three fords available; the mill ford, the schoolhouse
ford, and a seldom-used horse ford about two hundred yards downstream from the
mill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They attacked the schoolhouse ford
and, when American attention was riveted there, they hastened troops across the
horse ford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Americans were flanked
and forced to retreat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In the end, the
British held the ford and the field of battle but failed to force a general
engagement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is believed that
Cornwallis expended too much ammunition forcing the ford to risk a full blown
engagement with Greene.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commanders on
both sides chose to minimize the fight in their memoirs (though their subordinates
did not) even though each side lost perhaps as many as a hundred men killed in
this action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Actual numbers of
casualties were hard to come by, but when Somers cut the race to his new mill
seat, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>downstream from the fortified mill,
a few year after the revolution, his slaves kept disinterring British soldiers
buried where they fell along the stream bank.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perhaps the
most important outcome for the day was that Pickens SC militia, no longer
trusting Greene and his subordinates, left the army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Days later, at Guilford Courthouse, Greene
lost his chance to destroy Cornwallis and end the war with a single battle for
want of decent, experienced, disciplined militia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The following map is the product of field work performed by Elon University students in 2007. They found the course of the red line, south of the creek by transecting the likely line of the road with metal detectors. Flagged metal sensed by the detectors defined the old road perfectly from its deviation from the current road line to the creek. All of this was and remains on Doug Sockwell's farm, and we're obliged to him for allowing us to play on his land.</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg33Fbu6aPuX6pNsIVZQlbtly-hnhw0w0bhbzgbXcS07uyMWy8ZY9NehT3TlV1YjAbISh9pndG2Jr077FFHa9Kw-QOQD4cfODqfWOuSQwfzFpP6EefnCuwNS-GHORCZ27bQdPjKbXE7O-w/s1600/terrain+map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg33Fbu6aPuX6pNsIVZQlbtly-hnhw0w0bhbzgbXcS07uyMWy8ZY9NehT3TlV1YjAbISh9pndG2Jr077FFHa9Kw-QOQD4cfODqfWOuSQwfzFpP6EefnCuwNS-GHORCZ27bQdPjKbXE7O-w/s1600/terrain+map.jpg" height="640" width="507" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoCaption">
Figure <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">1</span> Likely Road Courses in 1781</div>
<div class="MsoCaption">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;">trm<span style="font-size: small;"> -</span> March, 2013 </span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">A Short Note on Clapp’s Mill,</span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Prelude to the Battle at Weitzel’s Mill</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">The fight
at Clapp’s Mill had an effect disproportionate to the event itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It convinced General Cornwallis that American
forces had finally achieved sufficient strength to be aggressive, and that
pushed him to force a battle before American forces opposing him grew any
stronger.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">The
battle came about when Otho Williams, with Greene's permission, attacked the
British in their camp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William’s<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cavalry commander, “Light Horse” Harry Lee
argued that the British should be attacked on the march.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A compromise of sorts apparently was made for
the Whigs approached Tarleton's Legion early in the morning and fired on his
pickets with the idea in mind of drawing Tarleton into an ambush.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everything went fine until Tarleton didn't
take the bait.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">The net
result was strategically painful for the Whigs as a portion of the militia,
perceiving (perhaps rightly) that they'd first been put out at risk in front to
draw the enemy and then been used to screen the retreat of the regulars,
decided to step out for home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tarleton
could reasonably claim a victory.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Up to this point Cornwallis
had been content to maneuver in friendly lands while waiting for the Whigs to
err and give him a chance to cut them up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perceiving that Whigs now were strong enough to attempt aggression
while, he, Cornwallis was slowly losing strength, determined to have a
battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus when his scouts located
Greene at Guilford and Lee crowded his forces, he launched his light forces
northward to cut Greene’s line of communication with Virginia, his supply
base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">[The
author drew most of this summary from Rollin M. Steele Jr.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>The Lost Battle of the Alamance Also known
as The Battle of Clapp's Mill: A Turning Point in North Carolina's Struggle
with Their British Invaders in the Very Unusual Year of 1781.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alamance County, NC: Rollin M. Steele, Jr,
1995]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"> **********************************************</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span>
</div>
<br />
<h2>
Bibliography</h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">John
Buchanan, <i>The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the
Carolinas, </i>NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kenneth R.
Haynes, Jr, “The Race to Weitzel’s Mill, 6 March 1781, <i>Gorget & Sash:
Journal of the Early Modern Warfare Society</i>, Voume III, Number 1,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pp1-14.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Algie
Newlin, <i>The Battle of lindley’s Mill</i>, Burlington: Alamance Historical
Association, 1975.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rollin M.
Steele Jr.,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>The Lost Battle of the
Alamance Also Known as The Battle of Clapp’s Mill</i>:<i> A Turning Point in
North Carolina’s Struggle with Their British Invaders in the Very Unusual Year
of 1781 </i>(3<sup>rd</sup> Printing), Burlington: Powell Enterprises, 1999.</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">George
Troxler, <i>Pyle’s Massacre: February 23, 1781</i> . Burlington: Alamance
County Historical Association, 1973.</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5184283179833492428#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> We have
yet to understand the geography of the approach to battle and where Pickens’
men actually held the British at bay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We
are not even certain where the roads were that the two armies used to get to
the battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What we do know is where the
roads were in the area of the battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So, once again, Pickens men get short shrift for want of a voice.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-75798011462936654402012-11-24T20:13:00.003-05:002021-10-24T19:03:04.326-04:00The East Side of Hillsborough, a well preserved bit of history<br />
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<b>The Eastern Edge of Corbin Town: Hillsborough at its Birth</b></h2>
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Hillsborough was, at its birth, an Anglican enclave in a dissenter district. Perhaps as part of a plan to reassert Church of England dominance in a decidedly not Church of England colony, Governor Arthur Dobbs and his minions expedited the creation of Orange County (1752). Though its original seat, its courthouse and seat of government was originally well to the west, two miles from Haw River, that quickly changed. Within two years the court and seat were relocated to what would in future be called Hillsborough. <br />
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It was a rude village at the western-most reach of the west fork of the Neuse River. Why this site was selected remains a mystery as it was a terrible town site, lacking a good water supply. Colonial government was in the process of shifting from the Cape Fear drainage to the Neuse drainage, and that may have been the reason for locating the new county seat on the Neuse. Or, as noted, the new court town was in the center of a region dominated by Quakers and Presbyterians and conflicting land claims; it wanted proper social discipline and law.</span></div>
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Conflict always implies opportunity, and the place that became Hillsborough, the Orange County court town attracted opportunists like humming birds to sugar-water. Judgeships and other county offices were royal prerogatives, even in the Granville District, a belt of land owned by Lord Granville not the Crown. Granville owned the land but the Crown and colonial assembly owned the law. <br />
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Governor Arthur Dobbs spent his ten years as governor (1754-1764) squabbling with the colonial assembly over who controlled what and Hillsborough may be an example of one of his successes. Francis Corbin (d. 1767), a Granville land agent, and member of the Governor's Council, and a handful business associates loyal to the governor owned the land that became Hillsborough. In its early days the seat of the new county's government briefly bore his name (Corbin Town). The colonial Assembly, though, did not ratify the governor's choice until it chartered Hillsborough late in the 1760s, in the midst of the Regulation.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Moseley Map, 1733 Showing Acconeechy towns</span></td></tr>
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Hillsborough was off of all but one, beaten path and its creation required a redefinition of roads in the area and, in response, all the major highways in the neighborhood developed "business" deviations to accommodate the new town. This note will deal with the roads and other colonial and precolonial artifacts on the east side of Orange's court town.</span></div>
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On the east side of town one channel of the King's Highway (St. Marys Road) made its way southwest to northeast toward Petersburg by way of Flat River's (East Fork of the Neuse) lower fords, and another crossed the fords near the forks of the Flat (Highway 57). Another road went a bit north of east, crossing the Eno twice and went on toward Norfolk and Edenton by way of Halifax, and yet another made its way to Edenton by way of lower fords, probably via modern Louisburg, NC (by way of Fishdam on the Neuse). All but one of these routes deviated from their normal straight line courses to serve the new court town.</span></div>
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These routes likely replicated earlier, Native American footpaths because before the great bend in the Eno attracted a courthouse or so much as a glimmer in an Englishman's eye it drew Native people to some small but decent corn bottoms in an excellent defensive position, in an oxbow east of the great bend of the Eno were its general eastward course turns north. The paths that became horse trails and then wagon roads originally were not directed toward what later became the town but, rather, vectored in on the villages in the oxbow east of the town seat and fords west and northwest of the town.</span></div>
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Once the governor's Anglican enclave started asserting the governor's will in the backwater that was Orange County, locals as locals are wont to do, resisted the change. The Orange County seat was surrounded by Quakers, dissenters not at all dear to the governor's heart and certainly not friendly to Royal impositions. </span></div>
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New Anglican parishes (for example, Saint Mary's and Saint Matthews) demanded the County Sheriff collect their allotted tithes, taxes for the support of churches most of which did not exist except on paper even though all knew there was very little specie (cash) available (it was still pretty much a barter economy). The Sheriff demanded payment in specie and confiscated draft animals in lieu of same. Dobbs' business partners and the court town's elites had cash enough to buy distressed properties and influence enough to see that the Sheriff did not relent in his collections.<br />
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The "Court Party", Anglicans and their minions, controlled all important county offices, and reasonable requests and complaints from distressed citizens fell on deaf ears. Eventually, by the 1760s, ten years into the town's life, an insurrection arose, the Regulation. The court and its opportunistic hangers-on were targets of the Regulation. Though Governor Dobbs had passed on, his replacement, cut from the same bolt of cloth, came to town in 1768 to awe the peasants and subdue the unruly. <span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Having "shown the flag" and promised some relief to the farmers, the governor left town but not before his engineering officer, J. Sauthier drew a map. The Sauthier map tells us what the town looked like one generation after its founding. </span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">Later, In 1771, Governor Tryon returned to finish daunting Regulators and hung a handful of insurrectionists east of town. Their execution took place within a few paces of the town's new Anglican church seat, between the Trading Path and the Halifax Road, on a knoll conspicuous to all travelers. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4eWzWNLU4UIsE-OSk9ByDSKJ4sWNMI7n18RG6tXFeHJvtvt4e0cB_mcu8nGCgR20jv7NbuRGoBS455XQVwlCsCP-rwGILKV9wNxWVdMzzSqVpgOiXV8w9ygH5ECKdQQrtPINGpTNW7uw/s1600/labeledSauthier_Hillsborough_1768.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4eWzWNLU4UIsE-OSk9ByDSKJ4sWNMI7n18RG6tXFeHJvtvt4e0cB_mcu8nGCgR20jv7NbuRGoBS455XQVwlCsCP-rwGILKV9wNxWVdMzzSqVpgOiXV8w9ygH5ECKdQQrtPINGpTNW7uw/s1600/labeledSauthier_Hillsborough_1768.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sauthier Map of Hillsborough, 1768</span></td></tr>
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We assume the town didn't change much between Sauthier map and the Revolutionary War, and it probably didn't change all that much between the Revolutionary War and the War Between the States. It grew a bit to the westward in the late 19th and early 20th century, but the "historic district", the lands drawn by Sauthier didn't change too much. The Town Commons on the northwest edge of town was closed and turned into building lots, for example, but land east of town remained pretty much as Sauthier saw it well past the mid-point of the 20th century. </span><br />
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The Cameron family of Stagville and Farintosh and Cameron Arena fame bought the knoll south of the Anglican church, made an arboretum around the Regulator hanging site and put an ice house down near the Halifax road. But their estate development hastened the disappearance of humbler structures near by. By the middle of the 20th century there were fewer houses east of town than there were when Sauthier made his map. For example, along the Halifax Road extension that once ran into the Indian Fields, where the villages once stood, there are boxwood pairs marking a couple of dwelling sites.</span></span></div>
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The east side of Hillsborough is sort of protected now. It is mostly in the hands of conservators of one kind or another. But there is still the threat that government will destroy what time has shielded and caution is a necessary watchword. Enjoy the remnants of Hillsborough's not so romantic origins while they persist.</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: -webkit-auto;">trm</span></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-7852301240856576982012-06-02T12:23:00.002-04:002021-10-25T09:57:39.337-04:00The Fews on the Eno<br />
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Some Few Facts </h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhbyf0XyNc5QMulro2xBR95PUuVaUccFIYKuvYq5_CnTu1BYbrt7GKuPOPs_90be5Rj_vJFyP1H76ehq9WGK15usjLWCof9kKi-J1zb7t_CRZCA-MzW6vqe-R2zSDkDZ-IobZ-7KWRtYM/s1600/StMaryArealandgrants.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhbyf0XyNc5QMulro2xBR95PUuVaUccFIYKuvYq5_CnTu1BYbrt7GKuPOPs_90be5Rj_vJFyP1H76ehq9WGK15usjLWCof9kKi-J1zb7t_CRZCA-MzW6vqe-R2zSDkDZ-IobZ-7KWRtYM/s200/StMaryArealandgrants.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Few land grants in ERSP</td></tr>
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<b>The brothers Few</b>, James (1703-1787) and William (1714-1794) arrived on the banks of the Eno River in Orange County, NC in 1758. Odds are good that one or both had previously visited the area to scout out land. It is also likely that, being Quakers themselves, they were acquainted with or even associates of Herman Husband (1724-1795), a Quaker real estate hawker, later, a leader in the Regulator movement. They arrived in Orange at a pivotal moment in that county’s history involving a contest of wills between the 99% and the 1%.<br />
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When the Fews arrived, North Carolina’s <b>governor, Arthur Dobbs (1689-1765),</b> keeping a promise made during his job interviews, was in the midst of establishing Anglicanism as the colony’s official religion in a colony in which Anglicans were a miniscule minority. Perhaps he became governor owing to his family’s long experience doing this sort of thing in Ireland. His zeal for his church and his class would eventually destroy the Fews in North Carolina but not in history.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNBCsEDjUylfQyu5TxI2XQNsVL7oEAiGPhvoaa4_OUeVKc6AV2SANtrgjaiLT4szDd17X5-AKEHtraX_R0rj8BVyyMiDcu1SveweX5FZr9_Dsyg2yQSjTyFYfbYtHB9onkZGoYVhnuAGc/s1600/FewOnSauthier_Hillsborough_1768.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNBCsEDjUylfQyu5TxI2XQNsVL7oEAiGPhvoaa4_OUeVKc6AV2SANtrgjaiLT4szDd17X5-AKEHtraX_R0rj8BVyyMiDcu1SveweX5FZr9_Dsyg2yQSjTyFYfbYtHB9onkZGoYVhnuAGc/s200/FewOnSauthier_Hillsborough_1768.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Few farm on Sauthier map</td></tr>
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James, it seems, was more the industrialist and William more the legalist but they shared in their family commercial endeavors; a mill and inn on the Eno in what is now Eno River State Park (see the above map). William, perhaps to pursue a legal career, perhaps to protect family interests in an environment increasingly hostile to dissenters, acquired land a mile from Hillsborough along the Halifax Road, one of the roads leading to the family mill and inn. This 1768 map shows William Few’s farm on the road to Halifax, east of Hillsborough.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi99S1c_ot-rcmihyjhKzpM6JeBYlf8_lIdoLMfcyJlFwQI0aZAVVEjoXSem5J5BsfEncvgzyUzYhHhyvvdmc_8QyNDvQkyRSUWJGM1O4lxd3pbER9iqMzjTYc__fPLc2ldjwEygXPqIGg/s1600/stroudStreams.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi99S1c_ot-rcmihyjhKzpM6JeBYlf8_lIdoLMfcyJlFwQI0aZAVVEjoXSem5J5BsfEncvgzyUzYhHhyvvdmc_8QyNDvQkyRSUWJGM1O4lxd3pbER9iqMzjTYc__fPLc2ldjwEygXPqIGg/s200/stroudStreams.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
In fact, most of the land surrounding Hillsboro was owned by Quakers. Quakers owned most of<b> the valley of Stroud Creek</b> (shown at the right) which wraps around the east and north sides of the town. Their meeting house was located on the “trading path” north of town (now Hwy 57), on the east fork of Strouds Creek. To the west of the town, on the Eno, was another successful, Quaker commercial operation, Joseph Mattock’s factories, again, on a major commercial artery. Those successful competing operations intercepted commercial opportunities that might otherwise have traded in Hillsboro so it is quite likeley that <i>Hillsboro could not successfully compete with the better placed, Quaker commercial centers</i>. <br />
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In the end the Anglican minority won, William Few and virtually all the Quakers in the vicinity of Hillsboro (and<i> friends of Friends</i>, like<b> President Jimmie Carter’s ancestors</b>) pulled up stakes and left Orange County for Georgia in 1771. In that year was fought the “<b>Battle of Alamance</b>”, a violent confrontation between Governor Dobb’s successor and Regulators” from Orange and neighboring counties. On the scene of that battle, <b>William Few’s son, James</b> (named, we suppose, after his uncle), was singled out from the hundreds of Regulators and<b> summarily executed</b>. Back in HIllsboro, a few days after the battle, the Governor’s army tore up William Few’s crops and his fences and utterly destroyed his farm. <br />
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Because control of government yields control of official documents, the basis for most historical narratives, we probably can never know for certain why Governor Dobbs planted an Anglican town and church in a majority Quaker settlement . But the historical context of the founding of the town and subsequent actions that resulted in the exodus of almost all of the Quakers in and destruction of all competing commercial centers makes it easy to surmise that the real motive for relocating Orange County’s courthouse in 1754 and for creating an Anglican parish in a district dominated by dissenters was to rid the county of its Quaker and its competitors. If that was the motive, the result was singular success.<br />
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<b>What Followed:</b> James Few, too old to migrate again, stayed with his mill until his death. William Few was a leader in the great migration, and his other son, William, became a leader in the American Revolution and a signer of the Declaration of Independence for the new state of Georgia. Herman Husband later rabble roused other farmers before and during the Whiskey Rebellion a few years after the Revolutionary War, when President George I enforced a tax to put his distillery competitors out of business. Arthur Dobbs died while packing to return to England, probably from something to do with his spleen. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUIi9RjXsrFL4lLEHNZqWNt70HOHW2tGc5VpdCdY1A1RtLUmXfiAeTGO5aJDw6cfLruNq3J5GwJ6tOqy7fyCz3a5_yWq-VM59d4da2hbmOZXtQux6Ll0VzET_XcW-mr2EBlE9Ibs9QnM/s1600/june+hike+map.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeUIi9RjXsrFL4lLEHNZqWNt70HOHW2tGc5VpdCdY1A1RtLUmXfiAeTGO5aJDw6cfLruNq3J5GwJ6tOqy7fyCz3a5_yWq-VM59d4da2hbmOZXtQux6Ll0VzET_XcW-mr2EBlE9Ibs9QnM/s320/june+hike+map.jpg" width="201" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TPA Artifacts and Herbs Hike</td></tr>
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<b>Today’s hike</b> will pass through a village that grew up next to Few’s mill and will take us to the likely site of Few’s tavern. One site we’ll visit may actually have been James Few’s house site. The hike will be roughtly 1.5 miles long, almost all on park trails. The map shows the course of the hike as a red line and the shaded areas are zones of occupation containing remains of dwellings or businesses. Each of the yellow pins marks a point of interest; graves, chimney falls, and other artifacts of a time long gone by.<br />
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We hope today you will find a new way to look at our land and our common past.<br />
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trmUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-61887686359076274912012-03-15T09:56:00.002-04:002012-03-15T10:43:19.382-04:00Settlement north of Albemarle Sound, 1650-1710: the founding of Albemarle<b>When North Carolina Became a Refuge </b><br />
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Albemarle Sound in the northeast corner of modern North Carolina was once, pretty much, the southern reach of Virginia. Rivers produced this result, specifically the Roanoke and Chowan Rivers. Both are difficult to cross and obstruct traffic moving south and west from the Chesapeake. But east of the Chowan there are two lovely passages for land traffic on the north-south axis, one east of and several west of the Dismal Swamp. The Dismal Swamp, itself, was essentially impenetrable for most travelers; it was a great place to hide out, but an awful place to pass through. Into this matrix of channels and barriers fled North Carolina's first permanent settlers, proto-Quakers from Virginia and Maryland. It can be argued that their flight through "Southside" Virginia, past the Dismal Swamp, and into the buffered lands of the Albemarle District profoundly altered the trajectory of both Carolina and American history. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0pDYjY7E9YSFOEuGbobN-u6OyCnaFTe5JV8bKTFYemGZuPtoyjVD08XTFm6KCJwXijrNqmmbCKh7cd1V3PtxqsqQ56GbiMWulw0MwNgS-bvqTlJhUkX7w5PIG9rXYEub9Pt0-Cuf5ow/s1600/JohnWhiteMap.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT0pDYjY7E9YSFOEuGbobN-u6OyCnaFTe5JV8bKTFYemGZuPtoyjVD08XTFm6KCJwXijrNqmmbCKh7cd1V3PtxqsqQ56GbiMWulw0MwNgS-bvqTlJhUkX7w5PIG9rXYEub9Pt0-Cuf5ow/s320/JohnWhiteMap.bmp" width="262" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John White Map of the NC Sounds, ca 1585</td></tr>
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Sixty-five years before fugitive, Protestant sectarians fled into the Virginia's southern hinterlands, refugees from England's first attempt to colonize the southeast of North America probably fled northward into those same lands. Roanoke Island, the seat of Sir Walter Raleigh's colonial invasion of North America sits just below the mouth of Albemarle Sound. Raleigh's colonists regularly coasted along the sound in search of food to be begged, borrowed or stolen from the native residents of the shores. The natives of that region quickly tired of the filthy beggars from the island and reportedly, after sharing what they could, they turned a deaf ear to the English who, then, took by force what they could. Things quickly grew ugly and it is likely many of the early colonists, but not all, died at the hands of disgruntled neighbors.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX9ONcNkisX8oD9raNlGlOEzReoyX1sm0Du3aGRfyD3spm3F784PuCAFbXV07NnjVSSD7B_y8fPvdndPHmU59fPuZw7hmKgfy8NwwJqIQjXNgdm9X9kRzif0JVH2vZfg6yHj7LKN91-yE/s1600/JS1607fig01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX9ONcNkisX8oD9raNlGlOEzReoyX1sm0Du3aGRfyD3spm3F784PuCAFbXV07NnjVSSD7B_y8fPvdndPHmU59fPuZw7hmKgfy8NwwJqIQjXNgdm9X9kRzif0JVH2vZfg6yHj7LKN91-yE/s320/JS1607fig01.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Smith Map of Virginia, ca 1610</td></tr>
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One of the first things the next herd of English colonists did, once they'd built another ill-fated stockade in another fetid swamp was to send out search parties to look for Roanoke survivors. They headed south, past Southside and into the region around the Dismal Swamp where they'd heard English folk lived in English houses. They found nothing, but they added some fact to John Smiths quite accurate map of Virginia. That map shows the contiguity of the Regions east of the Chowan River and upper Virginia. And it is very plausible that there were Roanoke folk added to villages in that area. (note: the compass rose on Smith's map shows it is oriented with north to the right)<br />
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If Roanoke Island's Native American neighbors were at all like Native Americans elsewhere, in other times and places, they seldom killed indiscriminantly. It is, for that reason, likely that the folks who finally carved directions at the entrance of the English fort on Roanoke, dispersed into Native American villages north and south of the island. Which is to say some of the first English to permanently take up residence in North America did so on the north shore of Albemarle Sound. It is imaginable that when the first settlers came down from the north they were met by the blended children and grandchildren of Roanoke Island's original English occupants.<br />
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It is a fact, though, that we have no surviving records indicating survivors or their kin were ever identified as such. Instead, we have some very interesting journals of reconnoitering parties poking around in southern and southwestern Virginia in the first sixty years of Virginia's colonial experience. They almost all report Native American intelligence relating the existence of Europeans living among the tribes southward. The English of Virginia, though, for their first forty or fifty years were preoccupied with surviving Indian wars, starving times, and sectarian butchery to give much thought to matters southward.<br />
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Having slaughtered their king (1649), the English empowered Puritan protestants to govern in his stead. These sectarians then, in North America, set about slaughtering neighborhood heretics. One never knew from one week to the next who would be declared heretical; the 1650s was a time of great insecurity. It seems, though, that the one group all could agree were generally worthy of execution were the nascent sect that would eventually be called Quakers. Ruling elites in Virginia and Maryland in the middle of the 17th century were, respectively, Anglicans and Catholics, and when it came to Quakers they concurred that hanging would settle the heretics' hash, and they set out to exterminate the devil in their midst. <br />
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The Society of Friends didn't really exist in 1650. On the theological fringes of Puritanism there were, though, some extremely democratic, extremely self-authenticating, extremely extremist groups that would one day coalesce as the Society of Friends. Called variously Seekers, Ranters, and Levellers by their friends, they were feared, disdained and detested by English elites and would-be elites alike. Generally rejecting all authority outside the self, during 1650s these extremists became easy targets for all would be authorities. Anglicans in Virginia and Catholics in Maryland, liberated to command by the death of their king, proceeded to purge these errant sects and, in response, the Seekers, etc, headed south, into the swamps and marshes, into Albemarle country. This apparently suited the elites as they didn't pursue the dissenters.<br />
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Geography and diplomacy ensured that the folk of the Albemarle region would be isolated from Virginia. South of the James River, navigable streams flowed south, away from the Chesapeake, and generally into the Chowan River drainage. The lands west of the Chowan's drainage were, by treaty (1646) reserved for Native Americans. Southside Virginia, owing to its geography became a buffer between Chesapeake society and the frontiers south and west. So, likely for this reason, shortly after the disaffected sectarians absconded southward, Virginia's Governor William Berkley, as high an Anglican as one could find, created a virtual colony within his colony, east of the Chowan and south of Chesapeake Bay, called it "Albemarle" and gave it a governor, William Drummond (d. 1677).<br />
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The actual occupation of the Albemarle is less well documented. The first known transfer of lands from Natives to newcomers was the purchase of land (ca 1655-1660) on the west side of the mouth of the Paquatank River by Nathaniel Batts, a trader. George Durant stood witness to the transfer, so we know at least these two gentlemen were hanging around in the 1650s as the Albemarle filled up with proto-Quakers. It is likely that Batts was not a "fur trader" as has been claimed by some, but rather a general trader who ran a store where, absent an adequate supply of legal tender, he sold goods for payments in-kind. He undoubtedly took in trade anything with a discernible value, and equally undoubtedly he cut himself a decent margin in his trades. For pins and needles and lead and gun powder, he was likely to have taken in distilled liquor, herbs, dried fish, hides, feathers, and darn near anything tote-able and re-sellable. This was a normal and expected mode of frontier business. He, in turn, sold the traded goods at his store or abroad, in Virginia proper.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTWyKqnrS54ohySVy1KJQ5GMc-mP-XNZFAdnPOQvfeWz0tW3n_O3A_BxLEkEWUhEmBC-DlBjbTQL5vYDpgIYGiyEKh5gQr6Q079w96e7ARO5s02l3BuxWGLaJmxDjjr_7U9J01_FXSfg/s1600/moseleyMap+Batts+Grave.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLTWyKqnrS54ohySVy1KJQ5GMc-mP-XNZFAdnPOQvfeWz0tW3n_O3A_BxLEkEWUhEmBC-DlBjbTQL5vYDpgIYGiyEKh5gQr6Q079w96e7ARO5s02l3BuxWGLaJmxDjjr_7U9J01_FXSfg/s320/moseleyMap+Batts+Grave.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crop from Edward Moseley Map (1733) showing Bat's (sic) Grave</td></tr>
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Batts, like many frontier traders, lived a lonely existence, but in his case, perhaps his loneliness was more artfully contrived than necessary. After his initial land purchase he moved his operation onto an island near Drummond Point (named for William Drummond), off the mouth of the Yeopim River where he is said to have preferred the company of his Native American customers over that of his European neighbors, a not uncommon choice among those who had the choice. Yet, in Batt's case, his choice of location, if not friends, may have had more to do with business than the esthetics of society. Pirates and smugglers abounded on the Carolina sounds in the 17th
century, and it would make perfect sense for a leading trader to position his business as he did. The freebooters of the sounds were the source of
most trade goods and specie in at that time, and Batts may well have
positioned his business to take advantage of that trade too. As the island was only a hop, skip, and jump from the seat of Albemarle's governor and nearby that of its attorney general, it is likely those two officials willingly turned a blind eye toward Batts' safe haven, it providing a valuable public service and all. Batts died and was buried there (1679) and later generations called the island "Batt's Grave". The island disappeared forever in a 1950s hurricane.<br />
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Nathaniel Batts, William Drummond and George Durant live on in North Carolina history books and in Powell's <i>North Carolina Gazetteer</i> which lists extinguished places alongside existing places. It is a pity we know so little about the intertwined lives of these three, respectively North Carolina's first <i>recorded</i> trader, first Governor, and first Attorney General. It bears noting that literate and official folks, generally, do not lead the charge into strange and potentially hostile lands. We know of these men because they left behind a paper trail. Odds are they were followers, but those who led the way into the Albemarle, bless their hearts, are lost to history.<br />
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In the next installment we will consider the how it was that four of North Carolina's first governors were put in office by armed and marvelously cranky Albemarle Quakers who may well have helped Nathaniel Batts decide where to live and who to hang out with. <br />
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trm<br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-69767547382303863682012-03-03T17:07:00.001-05:002012-03-03T17:07:54.622-05:00Some Artifacts Near the Forks of the Eno River<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mxxy2OHSUFwZdrnGo5lsAMOz-DbGz4PVgSgfJwl3Pt1vVi5LsO4ZMiGejdN8mONa37aecMEwmyQJu03vfJosMPhzt7gqAK_fCip9aR-U26bxN7Sd-bNAv8oi5L1Alz7AVbhSrY1TLF4/s1600/PriceStruthersForksofEno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3mxxy2OHSUFwZdrnGo5lsAMOz-DbGz4PVgSgfJwl3Pt1vVi5LsO4ZMiGejdN8mONa37aecMEwmyQJu03vfJosMPhzt7gqAK_fCip9aR-U26bxN7Sd-bNAv8oi5L1Alz7AVbhSrY1TLF4/s320/PriceStruthersForksofEno.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An outcrop from the 1798 Price-Struthers Map of North Carolina.</td></tr>
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One little note on an obscure map published in 1798 drew attention to the forks of the Eno River. There a mapmaker noted the presence of one "Col Shepherd." This, naturally enough, resulted in our saying, "Who he?"<br />
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To have one's place located on a state-wide map in that era indicates you were a person of note, or the place was somehow a landmark. Yet, if you visit the spot indicated on the map today there is no sign of prior occupancy. In fact, the land north of the forks of the Eno is a deeply silted flood plain, subject to regular inundations. So, this raises questions about map accuracy and may suggest changes to the land subsequent to map publication.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJM8g90y61v2mDHdAhSvGExyOmKNjutEUKtRsAAjqlHltloecEUcc4YBCxiqzAGZlLAXoFMbyqGQKTN6JeMF013aAayfZCxw-BNcCsmP1igzR1r-S6-227Gok9PG6NRkSG0t-qa4-gSyc/s1600/enoforkstopo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJM8g90y61v2mDHdAhSvGExyOmKNjutEUKtRsAAjqlHltloecEUcc4YBCxiqzAGZlLAXoFMbyqGQKTN6JeMF013aAayfZCxw-BNcCsmP1igzR1r-S6-227Gok9PG6NRkSG0t-qa4-gSyc/s320/enoforkstopo.jpg" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1:24K USGS with hand drawn overlay of Eno forks</td></tr>
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A modern topo showing the forks of the Eno indicates the Price-Struthers map was probably a poor rendering of the upper Eno, but a pretty fair rendering of the roads near the upper Eno. Compare the road layouts of the three roads shown in the topo with the roads shown on the older map. The road running from roughly southeast to northwest, crossing the East Fork was the Hillsborough-Cedar Grove road in the 19th and early 20th century, and the road running east and west has been called "Halls Mill Road" on all road maps of Orange County. The road running from south to north, crossing the West Fork is now Efland-Cedar Grove Road, but for Price-Struthers it was a variant of what we now call High Rock Road.<br />
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Given that Price-Struthers depicted the forks incorrectly, they probably
drew a landmark reported by a correspondent. The correspondent
probably said something like, 'Col Shepard has his home west of the
Hillsborough-Saura Town road, in the forks of the Eno.' Being unaware
of the actual structure of the land and river, the map maker didn't
represent the pronounced neck between the forks. <br />
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Just below "Col Shepherd", the trivial fork still exists. As a side note, the triangle of land enclosed by the roads and the river west of that intersection was once owned by Senator Thomas Hart Benton's father, and it is likely the birthplace of that remarkable politician.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDruhbpwC_GWl0Ue8QQo-z60FPCvwJWvyhi_w00yiFG5rybaIlCned2MfR5ol1AKPtJQ0AZF99zU4LdO7l6kcclaZi2Ff6-dk6hHvjXs0bG0km0PnrNnBiMOXijQqcNClSFo9WL_ukLcQ/s1600/Cnty_OR_1891_Sh1tatecropHallsMill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDruhbpwC_GWl0Ue8QQo-z60FPCvwJWvyhi_w00yiFG5rybaIlCned2MfR5ol1AKPtJQ0AZF99zU4LdO7l6kcclaZi2Ff6-dk6hHvjXs0bG0km0PnrNnBiMOXijQqcNClSFo9WL_ukLcQ/s320/Cnty_OR_1891_Sh1tatecropHallsMill.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crop taken from 1891 Tate map</td></tr>
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It is conceivable that land at the forks looked considerably different in 1798 than it does now. The course of the river, dictated by bedrock, probably hasn't changed much, but an old dam downstream from the forks had submerged the forks under water for many years. This probably produced the deep silt field seen there today. As is demonstrated by the Tate map, simply drawing schematic river channels continued long after Price-Struthers.<br />
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Even as late as 1891 the western road forking off Cedar Grove Road appears to be a variation on what is now called High Rock Road. Which is to say, Halls Mill Road, in 1891, continued westward after passing Fairfield Church. The Tate Map, even though it was made at a time when maps were increasingly precise, is known to be riddled with bad renderings of rivers and roads. This certainly seems to be one of those cases.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6L5_OJSwY7tN6grd4vtEFz62bcTsP0sKjDdf7EjzI_TdOZKa5kipB1m6jw1k4OxGdAmaZGNbXyTmj-mTL71Oi28JLbPXzx-BN4v1AXm2lq1-mA-NHbA8TksPBWlYhIrqIPto1A3-OeJs/s1600/Soil_OR_1918smithMillcrop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6L5_OJSwY7tN6grd4vtEFz62bcTsP0sKjDdf7EjzI_TdOZKa5kipB1m6jw1k4OxGdAmaZGNbXyTmj-mTL71Oi28JLbPXzx-BN4v1AXm2lq1-mA-NHbA8TksPBWlYhIrqIPto1A3-OeJs/s320/Soil_OR_1918smithMillcrop.jpg" width="192" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1918 Soil Survey Map</td></tr>
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A more recent and more precise rendering of Orange County is the soil survey map (1918). Besides a change of ownership of the mill (Smith's Mill versus Hall's Mill), the soil survey reveals the extent of the mill pond for that mill. From the dam site (roughly 200 feet upstream from the bridge) to the forks is about 2000 feet. And according to the Soil Survey, the pond pushed well past the forks. Today, at the forks, the river cuts through a six foot deep silt bed, and it is quite likely that to find 18th century soils and artifacts, one would have to excavate most of that silt.<br />
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Clearly, the modern road alignment persists from at least this time period. It might be informative to learn when Halls Mill Road ceased to be a variation on High Rock Road, the road to Saura Town, and became, instead, an alternate route to Efland and Cedar Grove. Absent maps (and there really aren't many pre-modern, county level maps for Orange County) somebody would probably have to check Orange County road records (road management was a county court function until shortly after the Soil Survey map was made) or, alternatively, check the land plats for certain critical lots along Efland-Cedar Grove Road and (old) Halls Mill Road.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh11vY0wB-FvOLPC98eyX1cJO2Tat64cB1MpYGrX-dZPksGzXQKV1ePxW4ztC5FrpJS_-UE42McIfzkXE_EOxIi9QNW7S80ibgh8bv_cSCddeAyGXxSl0xbIfWLNJs59gOO6KiiIo7VW7Y/s1600/Cnty_OR_1938cropuppereno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh11vY0wB-FvOLPC98eyX1cJO2Tat64cB1MpYGrX-dZPksGzXQKV1ePxW4ztC5FrpJS_-UE42McIfzkXE_EOxIi9QNW7S80ibgh8bv_cSCddeAyGXxSl0xbIfWLNJs59gOO6KiiIo7VW7Y/s320/Cnty_OR_1938cropuppereno.jpg" width="142" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1938 Orange County Roads map</td></tr>
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A 1938 county road map does not name the mill but shows the mill building and the pond. It, even more clearly than the Soil Survey, shows the pond backing up well past the forks such that the two forks emerge from under the pond. As in 1918, Halls Mill Road tees into Efland Cedar Grove Road. <br />
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It is worth noting that, in pre-modern times, roads seldom, if ever made tee intersections; it would have seemed a ridiculously inefficient way of making a trivial fork. So, as a rule, when an old road does this you can assume it once continued beyond the intersection. It is very likely that were we to cross to the west side of Efland-Cedar Grove road where Halls Mill Road runs into it, we will find old westward running roadbed. This we can say with confidence because the road bed depression makes a distinct impression on a LiDAR map (see below). By the way, LiDAR almost makes running around in the woods and being cosy with chiggers obsolete. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Ua4Kz3AWsLafTTvYtJ5QbxBNv2AClnpUHduxGDG_rZz9YbvFbMxgn7DBJdTDaowHE_kairpgKvbHxemjOsb6tqUOb8WwXDI0c5kt6g5LWER7Yugqcc3B3ENpRn0AFEuyTTxRVgZzdg4/s1600/FairfieldChuintersectionlidar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="521" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Ua4Kz3AWsLafTTvYtJ5QbxBNv2AClnpUHduxGDG_rZz9YbvFbMxgn7DBJdTDaowHE_kairpgKvbHxemjOsb6tqUOb8WwXDI0c5kt6g5LWER7Yugqcc3B3ENpRn0AFEuyTTxRVgZzdg4/s640/FairfieldChuintersectionlidar.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LiDAR map of Fairfield Ch intersection</td></tr>
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<br />Whether or not the old roadbed continuing to the east the line of an earlier version of Mount Harmony Church Rd once was the variant High Rock Road to Saura Town, we cannot say, but it might be fun to take a look at the vestige to see if it is, indeed, an old road. If it is, there may be sufficient remnants of days gone by with which to date its use.<br />
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In running on about the roads we've digressed from trying to find "Col Shepherd". Thus far, we haven't even figured out his first name. Land at the forks was once owned by a William Shepherd, and there was a Captain William Shepherd who served with one or another NC regiment in the Revolution, but that is a very weak connection (maybe folks were already using the honorific "Colonel" for any distinguished survivor of a war). So much work remains to be done. <br />
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Fortunately, the land at the forks of the Eno, from the forks most of the way to the Efland-Cedar Grove Road bridge over the West Fork, is now owned by the Eno River Association. With luck, that means it will remain undisturbed for some time. If for no other reason than to confirm the presence or absence of an appropriately dated occupancy site in the forks, we would spend some precious time stumbling around on the ridge twixt the forks. If we get permission and get some time, we'll let you know what we find.<br />
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trm <br />
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-69645448820665349492012-03-02T16:13:00.003-05:002018-09-05T12:09:08.278-04:00The Haw FieldsHaw Fields lying between the Haw and Eno Rivers, was a 50,000 acre cleared meadow once used by Native
Americans as a hunting field. They burned it off a couple of times each
year so that there favored game animals would come there to feed on the
resulting grass shoots. All that slash and burn attention meant the
land was both relatively unwooded, and had rich top soils resulting from
both the burning and the manuring of the grazing herds of deer and
buffalo and maybe even elk. After harvesting their summer crops,
native folks probably moved up, away from the foggy, cold corn-bottoms
to their hunting grounds. There as hunters harvested hides and laid in
venison for jerky, the ladies harvested the rich, oak mast; they mashed
and dried acorn flower for the coming seasons. The first Europeans who
saw the Haw Fields probably thought they'd died and gone to heaven.
John Lawson waxed euphoric about that land in his 1709 real estate
prospectus, <i>New Voyage to Carolina. </i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-26791469520454333212011-10-28T16:11:00.001-04:002018-09-05T12:01:54.029-04:00Moorefield's Relation to Occaneechi Gap is of more than Orange County importance.<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJwbeOsIfNhj4Kr9PC1KXs4dy28oZ1iFetfYpIrsVT-utyT2IddZxcW8JU0OCiSaJonrpGdHrMSI0rKWL2pbf0qbKmSocnzWRSHkonsJjN_Qfn-YIJcpmJTIHZH13-1ENMsT7OAa4g13o/s1600/OccaneechiGapandMoorefields.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJwbeOsIfNhj4Kr9PC1KXs4dy28oZ1iFetfYpIrsVT-utyT2IddZxcW8JU0OCiSaJonrpGdHrMSI0rKWL2pbf0qbKmSocnzWRSHkonsJjN_Qfn-YIJcpmJTIHZH13-1ENMsT7OAa4g13o/s320/OccaneechiGapandMoorefields.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Occaneechi Gap and “Moorefields” Historic Site</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We blogged about Occaneechi Gap some time back (“An Important Gap in the Piedmont” (December, 2009), now the following note ties Occaneechi Gap to a colonial era historic site just west of gap, “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_North_Carolina">Moorefields</a>.” It is more than likely that historic site, now known simply as an antebellum plantation</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; white-space: pre-wrap;"> house, is where it is because of the gap; telling the story of one requires the story of the other.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Before there was a recognized town at the place we call Hillsborough, there was little reason to use the Eno River fords at or near the great bend of the Eno. Instead, traffic on an east-west axis in the central piedmont was (and still is) drawn to Occaneechi Gap as an alternative to repeated crossings of the Eno River. It was more efficient to bypass the Eno by cutting through the gap south of Occaneechi Mountain. The brown shaded are in the above map defines the gap zone. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This saddle gap, the center of which is just south of the parking lot at Occaneechi State Nature Area's parking lot, the road uses two unnamed tributaries of, to the west, Sandy Creek, and to the east, Mill Creek as ramps to carry traffic into the saddle. Their waters are separated by about 2000 feet, and that is the center of the saddle. East and west of the gap, roads converge on the the neck of the pass which at its narrowest was probably about 1000 feet wide.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">On the above map, gray lines and the brown lines represent known, mapped old roads. Note the more or less classic fork of three or four roads on the left of the map. They came together just north of the plantation house at Moorefields historic site. Moorefields sits on the western side of the gap. Roads pass through Moorefield plantation north and south of the plantation house and converge on the line of the old road erased by the intersection of interstates 85 and 40. There are at least seven separate roads concentrating on the western approach. Not quite so obviously, there are a similar number of roads being compressed into the gap along the eastern approach.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is likely that “Grayfields”, the plantation at which Orange County's first court met (1752) sat near the convergence of the western approaches to Occaneechi Gap. John Gray, a power in colonial Granville County, moved to the site of his plantation while the land was yet part of Granville County, and he called it “Grayfields.” He passed the plantation on to Thomas Hart. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hart, scion of a Granville County Anglican leader, a an ambitious man, rising in Orange’s Anglican elite, married Gray’s much beloved ward, and by that means Hart inherited Gray’s very considerable estate. In the early days of the War of the Regulation, <a href="http://www.co.orange.nc.us/sheriff/aboutouragency/previous.htm">Hart was Sheriff of Orange County</a> and a major Anglican figure in the “court party”. He supported Governor Tryon against his neighbors during the Regulation, he the governor rewarded him for his loyalty with lands confiscated from Quakers at the end of the Regulation. Subsequently, during the American Revolution Hart left Orange County probably to avoid reprisals for his Regulation days, and probably, as well, because he was, at best, a luke-warm patriot. He turned his land holdings over to an agent, and eventually, probably not long after the Revolutionary war, the land ended up in the hands of the Waddell and Moore families. Hence the name “Moorefields.” </span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Alfred Moore, a North Carolina Supreme Court Justice bought the place as a retreat but, beyond that, it was a major commercial venture consisting, at its peak, of two thousand or more acres. In the graveyard at the plantation there are both Waddell and Moore graves, and it is clear the family was on the site until well after the “late unpleasantness.” </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The plantation house seen today at “Moorefields”is too young to have been part of Gray’s, plantation. “Grayfields,” was, by the time Judge Moore purchased it, close to fifty years old and, as a frontier strucuture it probably was no where near the elegance expect of a major piedmont planter in the early Republic. So, Judge Moore replaced it with the current structure. It is likely that “Grayfields” was north of the current structure, nearer what was then the main highway. The current structure faces south, but there are indications that it orginally faced north toward a late 19th century road that replaced the highway Gray overlooked. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">All these structures are where they are because old John Gray had an eye for strategically important land. After Gray, the strategic value of the land deteriorated until, after the railroad bypassed Occaneechi Gap altogether, it had little more than agricultural value. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Following is another TPA maps of old roads and other artifacts around Moorefields, our primary field laboratory as they relate to Occaneechi Gap. The brown lines are all old road remnants we have mapped around Moorefields.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-71609549559042914562011-10-17T18:12:00.000-04:002011-11-04T22:45:55.751-04:00<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">A Morgan Creek Ford Along A Lower Course of the Colonial Trading Path to Virginia</span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The Old Ford Finder</span></b></div>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Bear in mind that in pre-modern times there were, at least, a high road and a low road linking place with place. The high road stuck to high ground, and it crossed streams high in their course, and found use in times of high water.</span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/stories/Blog/morganckmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="289" src="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/stories/Blog/morganckmap.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Morgan Creek Drainage</td></tr>
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<b>Morgan Creek descends from west-central Orange County southeast to a junction with New Hope Creek, a major Cape Fear head-water. It sort of cradles or embraces Carrboro and Chapel Hill, North Carolina by bending round their western edge and sliding along their south side before reach New Hope Creek. It powered some the area's earliest grist mills, and it is one of three barrier streams channeling east-west trade routes through the area. In low water it may have been a preferred route as the ford at Morgan Creek is on a decent flood plain over which flood waters can spread without rising too much. The topo map shows that the route in question passed over the very northern-most head waters of the creek. </b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Some trading Paths converging on Cedar Cliffs on the Haw</td></tr>
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>A 17th or 18th century traveler en route from Wood's Fort on the Appomatox River in Virginia to, say, the Catawba peoples around their river, south of Charlotte, NC, in a dry season, might have passed over Morgan Creek to get to a low road ford over the Haw River at what became (19th Century) Cedar Cliffs. Between the Neuse River and the Haw River there are three barrier streams that traveler had to negotiate; New Hope Creek, west of Durham, Morgan Creek, west of Chapel Hill, and Cane Creek, a Haw River feeder further west, near the Alamance County Line. In spate, any one of these streams could stop a traveler. </b></span></b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">http://www.tradingpath.org/images/stories/Blog/adshusheertocaneck.jpg</td></tr>
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<b>The road from Fish Dam crossed one of the low fords over New Hope Creek, the first fordable point after the New Hope breaks out of its head-water hills. The ford is on the upstream edge of a massive, eight mile long corn bottom that regularly flooded. When flooded it was probably all but impassable and traffic would have moved upstream to a shallower, narrower stream bottom near where Mount Sinai Road crosses the creek today. But in dry weather this lower passage over the New Hope would have been attractive for a number of reasons.</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An out-crop from "Tuscarora Jack" Barnwell's 1721 Map of his<br />
and the Moores recruiting trips into the back country during<br />
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<b>Alongside this low ford over New Hope Creek, in the 17th and early 18th century were two Occaneechi villages renown enough to have appeared on some of the earliest maps of the southeast, renditions of "Tuscarora Jack" Barnwell's map of the backcountry ca 1715. They were trade towns, and they were probably the towns called "Adshusheer" by John Lawson (who passed through the area in 1701). It was a wonderfully important choke point attracting traffic from a half dozen major backcountry trade lanes. </b></div>
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<b>After crossing New Hope Creek, west and southwest bound traffic made tracks for fords over the Haw River, and the best of these low water, low road fords were Saxapahaw and a ford more properly oriented for traffic to the southwest, upstream about two miles, that came to be called "Cedar Cliffs." The way to this ford had to pass several obstacles to minimize energy expenditures. It first slipped between the watersheds for Old Field Creek and Bolin Creek, passing south of the former and north of the latter. The next obstacle would have been "Meadow Flats", an area of upland marsh almost always damp and soft. The trail clung to the south end of the flats and then threaded through a region of increasingly challenging hills culminating in Pickards, Crawford, and Thompson mountains (see map above).</b><br />
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<b>After passing Meadow Flats, the trail approached Morgan Creek. It could bypass the creek altogether but the more direct route, and the easiest route in all but the most extreme weather. The crossing was at the first falls on Morgan Creek, and this water fall eventually, probably in the 18th century, powered Pickard Mill. The pond behind the mill dam may have been as much as 3/4 of a mile long and may account for the great northern loop of Dairyland Road. The Lower Trading Path passed south of Morgan Creek and recrossed the creek just above the upstream end of the mill pond.</b><br />
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<b>Fords and mills frequently coincide as they required the same geophysical circumstances; a shallow place downstream from but nearby a fall. A fall implies exposed bedrock which ensures a firm substrate for a dam as well as a ford. Pickard Mill dam, in fact, crosses Morgan Greek about fifty to seventy-five yards from likely ford locations. All approach roads are now silted over. Morgan Creek, at Pickard Mill has one more desirable attribute too; below the fall the bottom flares wide, and a broad bottom of a feeder creek provide flats over which a flood can disperse and allow passage even in high water. For all these reasons and because it sat along the path of least resistance between New Hope Creek and Cane Creek, Mark Morgan saw the ford and the mill followed.</b><br />
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<b>Today we see the dam and think it is the beginning of this place but, in fact, the dam was an end point. It expemplified a European ideal, taming a river. Before Mark Morgan saw this site, though, it was well known and a regular land mark for travelers afoot or on horseback in the piedmont. For its more recent history, please, see <a href="http://www.tradingpath.org/pickard.pdf" target="_blank">Dr. William Burlingame's essay</a> on the recent history of the Pickard Mill site on Morgan Creek, Orange County, NC</b><br />
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<img onclick="document.location.href='http://translate.google.com/';" src="http://www.google.com/uds/css/small-logo.png" style="-webkit-border-radius: 20px; background-color: rgba(200, 200, 200, 0.3) !important; cursor: pointer !important; margin: 0 !important; padding: 3px 5px 0 !important; position: absolute !important; right: 1px !important; top: -20px !important; z-index: -1 !important;" /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-31138748441542902052011-09-27T15:49:00.001-04:002011-09-29T20:55:57.722-04:00Ayr Mount, Hillsborough, NC; some hidden features and obscure historyTrading Path Association's October 2011 First Sunday Hike will be at <a href="http://www.presnc.org/Travel/Ayr-Mount-Hillsborough">Ayr Mount</a>, a private historic site east of Hillsborough, NC. "Ayr Mount" is a nineteenth century brick structure preserved and restored with a goodly part of the grounds immediate to the structure protected as well. We are interested in Ayr Mount, not because of the house or its plantation airs, but rather because before it was Ayr Mount it had another, and from our perspective, far more interesting history altogether. We'll look at some of the remnants of that earlier history during our hike.<br />
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</div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmH3w0FHmN4gtoHwjPqxJaaxFuonuV-epCAkBRaeJzG_dRt4cMGtS4zFsfSSTAcknmiWTntrOfJBeBgBHZyg5Q6TEU7-q5HeFWUiIMjsU1QfN4oFey8ua8rdI70yjQWyQqOj3rH_ker7E/s1600/EasterjcroplabeledSauthier_Hillsborough_1768.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmH3w0FHmN4gtoHwjPqxJaaxFuonuV-epCAkBRaeJzG_dRt4cMGtS4zFsfSSTAcknmiWTntrOfJBeBgBHZyg5Q6TEU7-q5HeFWUiIMjsU1QfN4oFey8ua8rdI70yjQWyQqOj3rH_ker7E/s320/EasterjcroplabeledSauthier_Hillsborough_1768.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The site of Ayr Mount had a lengthy, though obscure, history when Ayr Mount came into being. This isn't surprising given the quality of the site. It sits on a well drained knoll, above a river and alongside a good mill stream. It also sat astride one of the primary road channels East of what became Hillsborough. It was a potentially valuable holding for whomever owned it. <br />
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The earliest actual record we have of certain occupation and use of the land is a map drawn in 1768. That map shows a farmstead alongside a road. It is possible that when the map was made that farmstead belonged to a Quaker family named Few. If it was, by the middle of 1771 there wasn't much left of the farmstead as the Governor's troops trashed the Few farm at Hillsborough in retaliation for Quaker support of an insurrection, or so the authorities said. For a reprise of Ayr Mount's ownership record <a href="http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~orangecountync/places/few/few.html">see Steve Rankin's excellent work.</a><br />
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Near the site, and probably part of the original land holding is land known locally as 100 Acre Field. Ayr Mount's owners used it as cattle pasturage. They would trail cows and other cattle out from the barns and stock pens near the main house and these trail drives have some local memory. It is a short distance but it is a safe bet that young folks earned a little something by helping keep the stock together during the move. This field earlier is likely to have served Governor Tryon, Lord Cornallis, and possibly General Greene as a military camp ground before and during the American Revolution.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0OPhx36gMbFzea65_C43drUndHFquZNYGMxwkbMRn-8aCmv-5R9wPWg9FtMp1jAg5npsZ7Qeo-FCoQU8Mrq47tI6ty4M3uuJMke8fZzTUMQsOI5sNOv20Eh8VjtIOofR8kSJaQdXfrI/s1600/AyrMountHikeMap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0OPhx36gMbFzea65_C43drUndHFquZNYGMxwkbMRn-8aCmv-5R9wPWg9FtMp1jAg5npsZ7Qeo-FCoQU8Mrq47tI6ty4M3uuJMke8fZzTUMQsOI5sNOv20Eh8VjtIOofR8kSJaQdXfrI/s320/AyrMountHikeMap.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The roads in use in 1768 are still visible on the ground on and around Ayr Mount. We will walk the red line on Sunday and try to determine where the old farmstead once sat. We will see a roadbed cut twelve feet deep on one side of the property, and we'll see an even older road on another side of the property. Along the creek we will see a "race" probably associated with a shingle mill the creek once powered, and we'll see remnants of an earlier dam exposed recently by flooding.<br />
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Every time we visit this site we find something new, so we will be keeping an eye out to improve what we know about the place before it became a "Ayr Mount."<br />
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trm<br />
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</div></div><div id="-chrome-auto-translate-plugin-dialog" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; display: none; left: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px !important; margin-top: 0px !important; opacity: 1 !important; overflow-x: visible !important; overflow-y: visible !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; text-align: left !important; top: 0px; z-index: 999999 !important;">undefined</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-84363365201586907532010-11-30T22:43:00.002-05:002020-12-29T15:24:10.054-05:00Artifacts on the Haw River between Swepsonville and Saxapahaw<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"></span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></b></span></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Paddle Tour on the Haw River: Swepsonville to Saxapahaw, the middle fords</span></b></span></span></div></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 27, 2010</span></b></span></span></div></div></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><u><br />
</u></i></b></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></div></div></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Touring rivers is new to the Trading Path Association. We've walked plenty of river banks, before, looking for remnants of riparian commerce and looking for stream crossings, but the idea of searching a river from the water just hadn't caught on with us, perhaps, because so few Piedmont streams will float a vessel. We knew, though, a number of stream crossings on the Haw any one of which could be visited in a single afternoon, but to see more than just the one would take far too much time, hence the paddle tour. </span></span></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
</span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In the course of the tour we saw five fords, at least a half dozen dam sites, a couple of power houses that once housed turbines, some sort of occupancy site that may have been a mill prior to government records in the area, and a canal and lock in good enough shape to know what it was even though we couldn't figure out how it work.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br />
</span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">In other words, paddling proved to be a most efficient and rewarding mode of study. Besides the artifacts, we saw a number of delightful critters; deer, cormorants, mouthy great blue herons, a kingfisher, and an adolescent bald eagle. We had the river to ourselves, and on a sunny, cool autumn day</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> all six miles of the reach</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> was a joy to behold.</span></span></span></span></div></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/Floats/HawRiver/ps08.jpg"><img align="left" alt="SwepsSaxapahawPStruth.jpg" hspace="12" src="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/Floats/HawRiver/ps08.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 3px; cursor: move; height: 191px; width: 211px;" /></a></span></span></div></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;">Fords are where you can cross a stream on foot, and the shoals at Swepsonville invited fording long before Europeans arrived. At the bottom of a fall, they are a natural fording place requiring only a convenient way in and out. Similarly, the shoals at Saxapahaw undoubtedly served the same purpose. The middle fords of the Haw River lie between the towns of Haw River and Saxapahaw. In the 17th and 18th centuries those fords carried most commercial native and newcomer traffic. One of those fords carried John Lawson, a writer who told us most of what we know about the Piedmont in the Contact Era. Historically, these river crossings are among the most important in early American history. To the left is a map first published in 1798 and then republished in 1808. It shows Great Alamance Creek joining the Haw, the location of R.L. Christmas' mill and ford that later became Swepsonville, then Island Ford and Hunters Ford, then Cedar Cliffs and just upstream from Mary's CReek it shows the future site of Saxapahaw.<br />
<div><div style="margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></big></big></big></big></div></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Fords frequently took advantage of exposed bedrock on the down-stream end of falls or shoals. That way if you were to slip and fall in the ford, the river would spit you out in a pond rather than tumble you through a rock garden; it was safer. Fords, especially horse and foot fords, are also associated with stream influences where feeder creeks have dumped their load of gravel when they lost energy upon colliding with a larger stream. The spilled gravel thereby created </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a bar in the river. There are several of these potential crossings along the section of the Haw we toured but the reach we were on is a dam pond and whatever gravel bars there once were are long gone under the unnatural pool.</span></span></big></big></big><br />
<div style="margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></big></big></big></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span">European use of these crossings spanned almost three centuries and, of course, European travelers learned of the fords from Indian guides whose people had used the fords for hundreds and even thousands of years. When Europeans first set foot in what they called the Backcountry it was not, as many say, ‘a trackless wilderness.’ Trails used for porter borne Native American commerce crisscrossed the countryside. The first Europeans to penetrate the Backcountry did so guided by Indians who used these well established routes. Generally, the first Europeans in the Backcountry, traders and surveyors, were mounted on horses. These first horsemen not only trampled porter roads into quagmires, they set the road matrix for all who followed. The horsemen followed footpaths, and wagons later followed horse trails. In time the first guides disappeared, victims of disease or slaving but also there were survivors who took on European names and trappings and melted into the new majority population. They probably were the pack horsemen, and it is likely that they evolved into wagoneer too but it is hard to tell from documents as the last Indian name appeared in Carolina records just after the Tuscarora War (1715).</span><br />
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</span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="border-collapse: separate; color: black; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/Floats/HawRiver/mcraeb33.jpg"><img align="left" alt="1833McraeB.jpg" hspace="12" src="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/Floats/HawRiver/mcraeb33.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 3px; cursor: move; height: 169px; text-align: left; width: 255px;" /></a></span><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">On the map to the left, published in 1833, Swepsonville is shown as "Murphy Mill", and the parallel lines of Island Ford and Hunter Ford just below it are almost stylized. The road descending from "Mt Willing" descends to Cedar Cliffs. It is the main line of the upper trading path and, in fact, it defineses almost a straight line as it runs northeast to Petersburg. It crossed the Roanoke at "Moniseep" ford, a horse ford over that river.</span></span></big></big></big></big></big></big></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></big></big></big></big></big></big></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><a href="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/Floats/HawRiver/spoon93.jpg"><img align="right" alt="tour1spoon93.jpg" hspace="12" src="http://www.tradingpath.org/images/Floats/HawRiver/spoon93.jpg" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 3px; cursor: move; height: 409px; text-align: right; width: 316px;" /></a></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Wagons first appeared in the Backcountry as early as 1704, following Thigpe's Trace. Economies of scale had first replaced native bearers with pack horses (ca 1676) and then, when sufficient draft horses were available, replaced pack horses with wagons mainly after the Tuscarora War (1715). With each change in transportation technology river crossings changed. Each increase in cargo capacity required changes in routes. Places that one thrived died. Places of little importance became critical transportation nodes. Fortunes were made and lost betting on the next essential place. But some crossings persisted and retained their value. Swepsonville and Saxapahaw are two such places.</span></span></big></big></big></big></big></big><br />
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></big></big></big></big></big></big></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">There will be value in explaining just why these two places persisted while other transportation nodes, like Cedar Cliffs snuffed out and sank back into the forest soil. Understanding these changes is part of the Trading Path Association mission. To the right we see an 1893 map of our reach of the river. "Mt Willing", once a thriving truck stop for wagoneers has disappeared, snuffed out by railroads (ca 1860) but Cedar Cliffs still has a crossing for a road we call "the lower trading path" which crossed the Neuse at a town called Fish Dam. At the time of the map, there was a dam at Cedar Cliffs, the place had its own Post Office (much as Mount Willing once did) and it seemed to have survived the impact of railroads. Alas, that was not the case. All that remains of Cedar Cliffs are some foundations on the hillside above an old canal and lock that once carried cargo bateau between Haw River and Saxapahaw mills.</span></span></big></big></big></big></big></big><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></big></big></big></big></big></big></div></div></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">We work toward understanding how transportation technologies changed settlement patterns by mapping stream crossings and the roads that connected them. We do this because we know that in the</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Piedmont during the age of muscle power, paths, trails and roads went not from town to town but from river crossing to river crossing. By finding the river crossings we find the road matrix for any given technology. And along those roads will be found the artifacts that will allow us to rewrite our history without the dead weight of Jim Crow and past hatred bearing us down. That is our mission, our goal and purpose. And we appreciate your participating in it with us.</span></span></big></big></big></big></big></big><br />
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 6px; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></big></big></big></big></big></big></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 6px; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><a href="http://www.tradingpath.org/paddletour1.pdf">Here is a link to a pdf map of the tour showing artifact locations. All of these locations are on private land and before visiting you really must get owner permission to trespass. You can identify owners on the Alamance County Tax records GIS map.</a></big></big></big></big></big></big></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-size: 6px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big>Tom Magnuson</big></big></big></big></big></big></div><div style="font-size: 6px;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><br />
</big></big></big></big></big></big></div><div style="text-align: center;"><big><big><big><big><big><big><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">[Any reader with HTML skills who is willing to help cleanup my code, please, step forward; you can't believe how much time was spent not fixing the code in this piece.]</span></big></big></big></big></big></big></div></div></div></div></span></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 6px; font-weight: 800;"></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5184283179833492428.post-51836683915949401532010-11-04T21:28:00.004-04:002020-12-29T15:27:37.365-05:00The Great Central Coast Road in Orange County NCTravelers from ancient times to the present used <a href="http://blog.tradingpath.org/2009/12/important-gap-in-piedmont.html">Occaneechi Gap </a>when traveling from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean. The course they took came to be called the Great Central Coast Path/Trail/Road. The gap allowed travelers to avoid a one hundred and fifty foot climb and, more importantly, provided a reasonably easy way to bypass the Eno River if one were going down to the ocean and the river was high. Or if, like John Lawson, you just didn't want to cross any more rivers.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TTzzZP-LqlNaLDHYbCNgJk4qFJECxxrvCxAO_QlqZWqBwpQzQb7DcSxX2W0FUNN5vDrPUqYZIGlhSui5SmlFm9CLcCD1b1ssw7kycxZE9CZLw0St2KgszDW96B8ljv9VZLZXXl-qGMQ/s1600/neuseCFwatershed.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TTzzZP-LqlNaLDHYbCNgJk4qFJECxxrvCxAO_QlqZWqBwpQzQb7DcSxX2W0FUNN5vDrPUqYZIGlhSui5SmlFm9CLcCD1b1ssw7kycxZE9CZLw0St2KgszDW96B8ljv9VZLZXXl-qGMQ/s320/neuseCFwatershed.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Upper Neuse-Cape Fear watershed </td></tr>
</tbody></table><div>One can, without great difficulty, walk all the way from Seven Mile Ck, just west of Moorefields to New Bern without getting your feet wet because just southeast of Moorefields, near the intersection of NC 10 and New Hope Church Rd, the trail intersects the watershed between the Cape Fear and the Neuse River basins. </div><div><br />
</div><div>To the right is a map showing the upper portion of that watershed. In the upper left the Great Bend of the Eno west of Hillsborough shows distinctly. The blue lines are Cape Fear feeders and the red lines are streams feeing the Neuse.</div><div><br />
</div><div>In fact, harkening back to young Mr. Lawson's chastening experience of 1701, we can surmise that he decided to get on this road when he was approximately at the place called Haw Fields today, the center of a 50,000 acre savannah. There one morning in February 1701 he met a trader who told him to not proceed to his destination, Virginia, but rather to turn down country as the 'Seneca' were raiding farther to the north. The night before Mr. Lawson had nearly drowned trying to cross the Haw River when it was in flood, therefore he probably needed little convincing that a dry walk to the coast was a good idea. All he needed to do was to get across Seven Mile Creek and he was on his way. [He did, though, later cross the Neuse River, probably below the falls.]</div><div><br />
</div><div>The road he had been on was a great old trading path that followed an almost perfectly straight line from Moniseep ford (about a mile downstream from Interstate 85's crossing of the Roanoke River) to the Catawba in the vicinity of Charlotte. In fact, a straight edge with one end pinned to Bermuda Hundred on the Appomattox River in Virginia and the other end pinned to the Catawba towns around Sugar Creek would almost perfectly pass through Moniseep. Then it would cross the Tar in its upper springs, pass the Flat River just above its forks, and cross the Eno just above the Great bend, near where NC 70 crosses it today west of Hillsborough. That straight line would then have gone to a crossing of the Haw a couple of miles upstream from modern Saxapahaw. </div><div><br />
</div><div>But, if one decided to turn down country somewhere near the center of the Haw Fields, then one would have climbed on the Great Central Coast Trail. It crossed the Haw downstream of NC 54 and would have met the Lawson's trading path near Efland, NC, west of Seven Mile Creek's ford and Occaneechi Gap. </div><div><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBcdLlcXd9ez6Jws1QOyaTH9LpeNJiTfj9mR_AIi92XTDi7z4yGzvv-P4to0vO8V_u5R-ZsMrLWqfMCdt3bMpr5DWcHBeZGZdcHazXt45sB-mHnTcpVQR_YJ4SXL19ZhYZ_BG2sPM65s/s1600/comprehensivesurmisesml.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBcdLlcXd9ez6Jws1QOyaTH9LpeNJiTfj9mR_AIi92XTDi7z4yGzvv-P4to0vO8V_u5R-ZsMrLWqfMCdt3bMpr5DWcHBeZGZdcHazXt45sB-mHnTcpVQR_YJ4SXL19ZhYZ_BG2sPM65s/s1600/comprehensivesurmisesml.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old roads at Occaneechi Gap surmised from remnant traces </td></tr>
</tbody></table><div>Traffic traveling northeast or east that wanted to avoid the fords on the Eno around its great bend, had the option of passing through a gap south of Occaneechi Mountain. Just as at fords, several roads came together on either side of the gap. On the west side there were roads coming from the northwest (the Saura Trail/High Rock Road), from the west (Central Coast Trail) and from the southwest, the Trading Path to the Catawba. They all came together on the west side of Occaneechi Gap. On the other side of the gap, two roads from the Chesapeak met two roads from the coast and a road from the heads of navigation of the Cape Fear and the Peedee. Small wonder that the gap today carries both I-85 and I-40.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Whoever owned that gap and its approaches owned valuable real estate. When Orange County came into being the west end of the gap was owned by John Gray, father-in-law to Thomas Hart, god-father to Thomas Hart Benton, Senator from Missouri born just west of the Eno on the Saura Trail approach to Occaneechi Gap, close to that trails intersection with the post road to Virginia and not more than a quarter mile away from where all those wonderful trails came together on the east side of the Haw Fields.</div><div><br />
</div><div>trm</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2